II. Colonial Expansion
殖民地扩张
1. The growth of dominions
自治领的兴起
English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britain’s control of the seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration, British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”. It consisted of a vast number of protectorates, Crown colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions. It included 25% of the world’s population and area.
英国殖民扩张开始于1583年纽芬兰的殖民化。在18世纪末、19世纪初，英国在海上的称霸，尤其是移民浪潮的高涨，鼓舞了英国殖民者，加速他们的扩张到加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰。到1900年英国已建立了“日不落”的大英帝国，包括受保护国、英国殖民地、势力范围和自治领，占世界人口与面积的25%。
Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the Quebec Act of 1774. The Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada where the British had settled, and Lower Canada populated by the French. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion.
1763年签订的《巴黎条约》将加拿大割让给英国。1774年的《魁北克法》保证了法国的权益。之后，1791年《加拿大法》把加拿大分为上加拿大和下加拿大，前者是英国人的定居地，后者是法国人的居住点。1867年《英国北美法案》确定加拿大为自治领。
English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing were united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.
1788年英国人开始把囚犯流放到澳大利亚。1816年开始可以自由定居，1840年后囚犯不再流放到澳大利亚。1851年至1892年的淘金热使
更多的人拥到澳洲。1901年，六个自治领统一为一个自治领—澳大利亚独立联邦。
New Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved self-government in 1852, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907 and was made completely independent in 1931.
1841年新西兰成为独立殖民地，1852年实现自治，1907年成为英皇属下的自治领，1931年完全独立。
1. The Conquest of India
征服印度
The establishment of British East India Company established in 1600 was a case of economic penetration. By 1819 the British conquest of most India was almost complete. After the muting of Bengal army in 1857, the control of India passed to the British Crown and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.
1600年英国东印度公司的建立堪称典型的经济渗透。到1819年英国对印度的征服已基本完成。1857年东印度公司孟加拉军队的当地士兵发动兵变后，1858年印度改由英国君主统治。1877年维多利来女王正式成为印度女皇。
2. The Scramble for Africa
对非洲的掠夺
At the beginning of the 19th century British possessions were confined to forts and slave trading posts on the west coast. Over the 19th century the interior of Africa was gradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. Britain led the way in the race. Apart from the colonies in the South and West, Britain was also involved in the North East in Egypt and the Sudan.
19世纪初英国的占领地局限于西海岸的堡垒和奴隶交易点。整个19世纪欧洲人逐渐发现并殖民了非洲内陆。在这场瓜分竞赛中英国占了较大的优势。除了不断扩张的南部和西部殖民地后，英国又凯觎东北的埃及和苏丹。
3. Aggression against China
侵略中国
In 1840, the Opium War broke out between Britain and China. Since then, Britain gradually invaded many coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal treaties upon China.
1840年英国对中国发动了鸦片战争。从那时起，英国逐渐侵略了中国的许多沿海城市，并签定了一系列不平等条约。
VI. Twentieth Century
二十世纪
1. Britain and the First World War
英国和第一次世界大战
The Word War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European Power blocs: “the Central power”. Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the “Allies”, Britain, France and Russia. During the war, the Britain lost much. Apart from the loss of manpower, there had been considerable disruption of the economy and society. Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the league of Nations.
第一次世界大战是从1914年至1918年，战争主要在两大欧洲集团间进行：“同盟国”，包括德国和奥匈帝国，和“协约国”，包括英国、法国和俄罗斯。一战中英国损失惨重。除了劳动力损失，还有巨大的经济与社会瓦解。在战后的安定阶段国际联盟成立。
3. Britain and the Second World War
英国与第二次世界大战
(The Second World War was fought from 1939 to 1945. Britain declared war on Germany in 1939. German bombing raids destroyed many cities in England. Britain was great impoverished by the war)
As Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off their aggressive momentum in Europe, Chamberlain, the Prime Minister, found his policy of appeasement of German aggression was no longer tenable, and was forced to declare war on Germany on September 3,1939.
第二次世界大战是从1939年至1945年，当阿道夫希特勒及纳粹主义显示他们对欧洲的侵略意图时，首相张伯伦发现他对德国倾略所采取的绥靖政策已站不住脚，被迫于1939年9月3日对德宣战。
4. Postwar Britian
战后的英国
At the general eiection of 1945 Winston Churchill was heavily defeated.The electorate returned a Labour government. The war hastened (加快) the end of Britain’s empire and its former colonies won independence one after another. Brtain joined in several wars against other countries. The 1960s were the Swinging Sixties(摇摆的60年代)，the permissive age (宽容的时代). The foundations of the welfare state (福利国家) was laid in these years. In the 1980s, Mrs Thatcher started the privatization policy. Britain joined the European Economic Community in1973.) 温斯顿。邱吉尔在1945年的大选中惨败。全体选民选举了工党政府。战争加快了大英帝国的灭亡，她的殖民地相继独立。英国参与了与其他国家的几个站长。1960年是摇摆的60年代，性解放的年代。在这些年中已发展成为一个福利国家。20世纪80年代，撒切尔开始了她的私有化政策。1973年，英国加入欧共体。
(1) One of the most far-reaching consequences of the War was that it hastened the end of Britain’s empire.
二战最为深远的结果之一是加速了大英帝国的瓦解。
(2) In 1952 Princess Elizabeth was crowned Queen Elizabeth II. Many people through television saw the ceremony.
1952年伊莉莎白公主加冕成为伊莉莎白女王二世。新发明的电视使许多人看到了加冕仪式的过程。
(4) In January 1973, Britain became a full member of the European Economic Community which was still called the Common Market in 1973. Britain witnessed the first oil embargo in 1973.
1973年1月，英国终于成为欧洲经济共同体的正式成员国。1973年仍称为共同市场。1973年英国经历了第一次石油禁运。
(5) Thatcherism
撒切尔主义
Thatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister in England in 1979. The main contents of her policies included the ①return to private ownership of state-owned industries, ②the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, ③the weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and ③an emphasis on law and order. To some extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in the British economy. She resigned (辞职) in 1990.
1979年玛格丽特.撒切尔成为英国第一任女首相。她提出的政策被为“撒切尔主义”。其内容包括国有工业私有化，采用货币主义政策以控制通货膨胀，削弱工会的影响，加强市场因素在经济中的作用，强调法律和秩序。在一定程度上讲，她的计划是成功的。她领导英国经济度过了一段最繁华的时期之一。1990年她辞职。
