编程面试的10大算法概念汇总
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出处:http://blog.jobbole.com/52144/
以下是在编程面试中排名前10的算法相关的概念,我会通过一些简单的例子来阐述这些概念。由于完全掌握这些概念需要更多的努力,因此这份列表只是作为一个介绍。本文将从Java的角度看问题,包含下面的这些概念:
1. 字符串
2. 链表
3. 树
4. 图
5. 排序
6. 递归 vs. 迭代
7. 动态规划
8. 位操作
9. 概率问题
10. 排列组合
如果IDE没有代码自动补全功能,所以你应该记住下面的这些方法。
123456toCharArray() // 获得字符串对应的char数组Arrays.sort()? // 数组排序Arrays.toString(char[] a) // 数组转成字符串charAt(int x) // 获得某个索引处的字符length() // 字符串长度length // 数组大小在Java中,链表的实现非常简单,每个节点Node都有一个值val和指向下个节点的链接next。
123456789class Node {????int val;????Node next;?????Node(int x) {????????val = x;????????next = null;????}}链表两个著名的应用是栈Stack和队列Queue。
栈:
12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728class Stack{????Node top; ?????public Node peek(){????????if(top != null){????????????return top;????????}?????????return null;????}?????public Node pop(){????????if(top == null){????????????return null;????????}else{????????????Node temp = new Node(top.val);????????????top = top.next;????????????return temp;??? ????????}????}?????public void push(Node n){????????if(n != null){????????????n.next = top;????????????top = n;????????}????}}队列:
1234567891011121314151617181920212223class Queue{????Node first, last;?????public void enqueue(Node n){????????if(first == null){????????????first = n;????????????last = first;????????}else{????????????last.next = n;????????????last = n;????????}????}?????public Node dequeue(){????????if(first == null){????????????return null;????????}else{????????????Node temp = new Node(first.val);????????????first = first.next;????????????return temp;????????}?? ????}}这里的树通常是指二叉树,每个节点都包含一个左孩子节点和右孩子节点,像下面这样:
12345class TreeNode{????int value;????TreeNode left;????TreeNode right;}下面是与树相关的一些概念:
译者注:完美二叉树也隐约称为完全二叉树。完美二叉树的一个例子是一个人在给定深度的祖先图,因为每个人都一定有两个生父母。完全二叉树可以看成是可以有若干额外向左靠的叶子节点的完美二叉树。疑问:完美二叉树和满二叉树的区别?(参考:http://xlinux.nist.gov/dads/HTML/perfectBinaryTree.html)
图相关的问题主要集中在深度优先搜索(depth first search)和广度优先搜索(breath first search)。
下面是一个简单的图广度优先搜索的实现。
1) 定义GraphNode
12345678910111213141516171819class GraphNode{ ????int val;????GraphNode next;????GraphNode[] neighbors;????boolean visited;?????GraphNode(int x) {????????val = x;????}?????GraphNode(int x, GraphNode[] n){????????val = x;????????neighbors = n;????}?????public String toString(){????????return "value: "+ this.val; ????}}2) 定义一个队列Queue
1234567891011121314151617181920212223class Queue{????GraphNode first, last;?????public void enqueue(GraphNode n){????????if(first == null){????????????first = n;????????????last = first;????????}else{????????????last.next = n;????????????last = n;????????}????}?????public GraphNode dequeue(){????????if(first == null){????????????return null;????????}else{????????????GraphNode temp = new GraphNode(first.val, first.neighbors);????????????first = first.next;????????????return temp;????????}?? ????}}3) 用队列Queue实现广度优先搜索
1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041public class GraphTest {?????public static void main(String[] args) {????????GraphNode n1 = new GraphNode(1); ????????GraphNode n2 = new GraphNode(2); ????????GraphNode n3 = new GraphNode(3); ????????GraphNode n4 = new GraphNode(4); ????????GraphNode n5 = new GraphNode(5); ?????????n1.neighbors = new GraphNode[]{n2,n3,n5};????????n2.neighbors = new GraphNode[]{n1,n4};????????n3.neighbors = new GraphNode[]{n1,n4,n5};????????n4.neighbors = new GraphNode[]{n2,n3,n5};????????n5.neighbors = new GraphNode[]{n1,n3,n4};?????????breathFirstSearch(n1, 5);????}?????public static void breathFirstSearch(GraphNode root, int x){????????if(root.val == x)????????????System.out.println("find in root");?????????Queue queue = new Queue();????????root.visited = true;????????queue.enqueue(root);?????????while(queue.first != null){????????????GraphNode c = (GraphNode) queue.dequeue();????????????for(GraphNode n: c.neighbors){?????????????????if(!n.visited){????????????????????System.out.print(n + " ");????????????????????n.visited = true;????????????????????if(n.val == x)????????????????????????System.out.println("Find "+n);????????????????????queue.enqueue(n);????????????????}????????????}????????}????}}Output:12value: 2 value: 3 value: 5 Find value: 5value: 4?下面是不同排序算法的时间复杂度,你可以去wiki看一下这些算法的基本思想。
AlgorithmAverage TimeWorst TimeSpace冒泡排序n^2n^21选择排序n^2n^21Counting Sortn+kn+kn+kInsertion sortn^2n^2?Quick sortn log(n)n^2?Merge sortn log(n)n log(n)depends另外,这里有一些实现/演示::?Counting sort、Mergesort、?Quicksort、?InsertionSort。
对程序员来说,递归应该是一个与生俱来的思想(a built-in thought),可以通过一个简单的例子来说明。
问题: 有n步台阶,一次只能上1步或2步,共有多少种走法。
步骤1:找到走完前n步台阶和前n-1步台阶之间的关系。
为了走完n步台阶,只有两种方法:从n-1步台阶爬1步走到或从n-2步台阶处爬2步走到。如果f(n)是爬到第n步台阶的方法数,那么f(n) = f(n-1) + f(n-2)。
步骤2: 确保开始条件是正确的。
f(0) = 0;
f(1) = 1;
public static int f(int n){????if(n <= 2) return n;????int x = f(n-1) + f(n-2);????return x;}递归方法的时间复杂度是n的指数级,因为有很多冗余的计算,如下:
f(5)
f(4) + f(3)
f(3) + f(2) + f(2) + f(1)
f(2) + f(1) + f(1) + f(0) + f(1) + f(0) + f(1)
f(1) + f(0) + f(1) + f(1) + f(0) + f(1) + f(0) + f(1)
直接的想法是将递归转换为迭代:
1234567891011121314151617public static int f(int n) {?????if (n <= 2){????????return n;????}?????int first = 1, second = 2;????int third = 0;?????for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {????????third = first + second;????????first = second;????????second = third;????}?????return third;}对这个例子而言,迭代花费的时间更少,你可能也想看看Recursion vs Iteration。
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动态规划是解决下面这些性质类问题的技术:
爬台阶问题完全符合上面的四条性质,因此可以用动态规划法来解决。
123456789101112public static int[] A = new int[100];?public static int f3(int n) {????if (n <= 2)????????A[n]= n;?????if(A[n] > 0)????????return A[n];????else????????A[n] = f3(n-1) + f3(n-2);//store results so only calculate once!????return A[n];}位操作符:
OR (|)AND (&)XOR (^)Left Shift (<<)Right Shift (>>)Not (~)1|0=11&0=01^0=10010<<2=10001100>>2=0011~1=0获得给定数字n的第i位:(i从0计数并从右边开始)
12345678public static boolean getBit(int num, int i){????int result = num & (1<<i);?????if(result == 0){????????return false;????}else{????????return true;????}例如,获得数字10的第2位:
i=1, n=10
1<<1= 10
1010&10=10
10 is not 0, so return true;
解决概率相关的问题通常需要很好的规划了解问题(formatting the problem),这里刚好有一个这类问题的简单例子:
一个房间里有50个人,那么至少有两个人生日相同的概率是多少?(忽略闰年的事实,也就是一年365天)
计算某些事情的概率很多时候都可以转换成先计算其相对面。在这个例子里,我们可以计算所有人生日都互不相同的概率,也就是:365/365 * 364/365 * 363/365 * … * (365-49)/365,这样至少两个人生日相同的概率就是1 – 这个值。
123456789public static double caculateProbability(int n){????double x = 1; ?????for(int i=0; i<n; i++){????????x *=? (365.0-i)/365.0;????}?????double pro = Math.round((1-x) * 100);????return pro/100;calculateProbability(50) = 0.97
组合和排列的区别在于次序是否关键。
如果你有任何问题请在下面评论。
参考/推荐资料:
1.?Binary tree
2.?Introduction to Dynamic Programming
3.?UTSA Dynamic Programming slides
4.?Birthday paradox
5. Cracking the Coding Interview: 150 Programming Interview Questions and Solutions, Gayle Laakmann McDowell