java concurrent 探秘(2)
BlockingQueue
支持两个附加操作的 Queue,这两个操作是:检索元素时等待队列变为非空,以及存储元素时等待空间变得可用。
BlockingQueue 不接受 null 元素。试图 add、put 或 offer 一个 null 元素时,某些实现会抛出 NullPointerException。null 被用作指示 poll 操作失败的警戒值。
BlockingQueue 可以是限定容量的。它在任意给定时间都可以有一个 remainingCapacity,超出此容量,便无法无阻塞地 put 额外的元素。
没有任何内部容量约束的 BlockingQueue 总是报告 Integer.MAX_VALUE 的剩余容量。
BlockingQueue 实现主要用于生产者-使用者队列,但它另外还支持 Collection 接口。因此,举例来说,使用 remove(x) 从队列中移除任意一个元素是有可能的。
然而,这种操作通常不 会有效执行,只能有计划地偶尔使用,比如在取消排队信息时。
BlockingQueue 实现是线程安全的。所有排队方法都可以使用内部锁定或其他形式的并发控制来自动达到它们的目的。
然而,大量的 Collection 操作(addAll、containsAll、retainAll 和 removeAll)没有 必要自动执行,除非在实现中特别说明。
因此,举例来说,在只添加了 c 中的一些元素后,addAll(c) 有可能失败(抛出一个异常)。
BlockingQueue 实质上不 支持使用任何一种“close”或“shutdown”操作来指示不再添加任何项。
这种功能的需求和使用有依赖于实现的倾向。例如,一种常用的策略是:对于生产者,插入特殊的 end-of-stream 或 poison 对象,并根据使用者获取这些对象的时间来对它们进行解释。
下面的例子演示了这个阻塞队列的基本功能。
import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;public class MyBlockingQueue extends Thread {public static BlockingQueue<String> queue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<String>(3);private int index;public MyBlockingQueue(int i) { this.index = i;}public void run() { try { queue.put(String.valueOf(this.index)); System.out.println("{" + this.index + "} in queue!"); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }}public static void main(String args[]) { ExecutorService service = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { service.submit(new MyBlockingQueue(i)); } Thread thread = new Thread() { public void run() { try { while (true) { Thread.sleep((int) (Math.random() * 1000)); if(MyBlockingQueue.queue.isEmpty()) break; String str = MyBlockingQueue.queue.take(); System.out.println(str + " has take!"); } } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }; service.submit(thread); service.shutdown();}}---------------------执行结果-----------------import java.util.concurrent.Callable;import java.util.concurrent.CompletionService;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorCompletionService;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;public class MyCompletionService implements Callable<String> {private int id;public MyCompletionService(int i){ this.id=i;}public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ ExecutorService service=Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); CompletionService<String> completion=new ExecutorCompletionService<String>(service); for(int i=0;i<10;i++){ completion.submit(new MyCompletionService(i)); } for(int i=0;i<10;i++){ System.out.println(completion.take().get()); } service.shutdown();}public String call() throws Exception { Integer time=(int)(Math.random()*1000); try{ System.out.println(this.id+" start"); Thread.sleep(time); System.out.println(this.id+" end"); } catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } return this.id+":"+time;}}import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;public class TestCountDownLatch {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { // 开始的倒数锁 final CountDownLatch begin = new CountDownLatch(1); // 结束的倒数锁 final CountDownLatch end = new CountDownLatch(10); // 十名选手 final ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10); for (int index = 0; index < 10; index++) { final int NO = index + 1; Runnable run = new Runnable() { public void run() { try { begin.await();//一直阻塞 Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 10000)); System.out.println("No." + NO + " arrived"); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } finally { end.countDown(); } } }; exec.submit(run); } System.out.println("Game Start"); begin.countDown(); end.await(); System.out.println("Game Over"); exec.shutdown();}}CountDownLatch最重要的方法是countDown()和await(),前者主要是倒数一次,后者是等待倒数到0,如果没有到达0,就只有阻塞等待了。import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;import java.util.Date;import java.util.concurrent.BrokenBarrierException;import java.util.concurrent.CyclicBarrier;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;public class TestCyclicBarrier {// 徒步需要的时间: Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Shaoguan, Changsha, Wuhanprivate static int[] timeWalk = { 5, 8, 15, 15, 10 };// 自驾游private static int[] timeSelf = { 1, 3, 4, 4, 5 };// 旅游大巴private static int[] timeBus = { 2, 4, 6, 6, 7 };static String now() { SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss"); return sdf.format(new Date()) + ": ";}static class Tour implements Runnable { private int[] times; private CyclicBarrier barrier; private String tourName; public Tour(CyclicBarrier barrier, String tourName, int[] times) { this.times = times; this.tourName = tourName; this.barrier = barrier; } public void run() { try { Thread.sleep(times[0] * 1000); System.out.println(now() + tourName + " Reached Shenzhen"); barrier.await(); Thread.sleep(times[1] * 1000); System.out.println(now() + tourName + " Reached Guangzhou"); barrier.await(); Thread.sleep(times[2] * 1000); System.out.println(now() + tourName + " Reached Shaoguan"); barrier.await(); Thread.sleep(times[3] * 1000); System.out.println(now() + tourName + " Reached Changsha"); barrier.await(); Thread.sleep(times[4] * 1000); System.out.println(now() + tourName + " Reached Wuhan"); barrier.await(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } catch (BrokenBarrierException e) { } }}public static void main(String[] args) { // 三个旅行团 CyclicBarrier barrier = new CyclicBarrier(3); ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3); exec.submit(new Tour(barrier, "WalkTour", timeWalk)); exec.submit(new Tour(barrier, "SelfTour", timeSelf));//当我们把下面的这段代码注释后,会发现,程序阻塞了,无法继续运行下去。 exec.submit(new Tour(barrier, "BusTour", timeBus)); exec.shutdown();}} import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;import java.util.Date;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;public class TestScheduledThread {public static void main(String[] args) { final ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(2); final Runnable beeper = new Runnable() { int count = 0; public void run() { System.out.println(new Date() + " beep " + (++count)); } }; // 1秒钟后运行,并每隔2秒运行一次 final ScheduledFuture beeperHandle = scheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(beeper, 1, 2, SECONDS); // 2秒钟后运行,并每次在上次任务运行完后等待5秒后重新运行 final ScheduledFuture beeperHandle2 = scheduler.scheduleWithFixedDelay(beeper, 2, 5, SECONDS); // 30秒后结束关闭任务,并且关闭Scheduler scheduler.schedule(new Runnable() { public void run() { beeperHandle.cancel(true); beeperHandle2.cancel(true); scheduler.shutdown(); } }, 30, SECONDS);}}