第一节 MYSQL 参数配置
由于ORACLE价格昂贵。生产开发中开始转用mysql数据。在开发和学习中碰到了许多问题。在这里做下总结。
一 MYSQL 版本
目前有关4.X ，5.X，6.X
每个版本中又有Standdard,Max,Debug 三个类型
当然又分为windows平台下的和LINUX平台
二 配置文件夹
mysql的数据库的系统配置文件叫做my.ini
新下载的绿色版mysql或者安装后的mysql，在根目录下还有好几个后缀是ini的文件
例：my-huge.ini,my-innodb-heavy-4G.ini,my-large.ini,my-medium.ini,my-small.ini,my-template.ini
mysql启动后只会加载my.ini这个配置文件。用其他文件替换my.ini就会修改mysql启动参数。根据名称也可大体明白各ini文件表达的意思。可根据不同情况选用合适的ini启动文件。
三 配置说明
端口号
port=3306
字符集
default-character-set=gbk
安装MYSQL的根目录
basedir="D:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.0/"
数据库目录
datadir="D:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.0/Data/"
存储引荐，另外一个是mysql特有的，还经常用到的是myisam(不支持事务)
default-storage-engine=INNODB(唯一支持事务的引荐)
sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"
最大链接数
max_connections=100
以下是配置参数的优化说明
# MySQL Server Instance Configuration File
# ----------------------------------
# Generated by the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard
#
#
# Installation Instructions
# ----------------------------------
#
# On Linux you can copy this file to /etc/my.cnf to set global options,
# mysql-data-dir/my.cnf to set server-specific options
# (@localstatedir@ for this installation) or to
# ~/.my.cnf to set user-specific options.
#
# On Windows you should keep this file in the installation directory
# of your server (e.g. C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y). To
# make sure the server reads the config file use the startup option
# "--defaults-file".
#
# To run run the server from the command line, execute this in a
# command line shell, e.g.
# mysqld --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini"
#
# To install the server as a Windows service manually, execute this in a
# command line shell, e.g.
# mysqld --install MySQLXY --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini"
#
# And then execute this in a command line shell to start the server, e.g.
# net start MySQLXY
#
#
# Guildlines for editing this file
# ----------------------------------
#
# In this file, you can use all long options that the program supports.
# If you want to know the options a program supports, start the program
# with the "--help" option.
#
# More detailed information about the individual options can also be
# found in the manual.
#
#
# CLIENT SECTION
# ----------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by MySQL client applications.
# Note that only client applications shipped by MySQL are guaranteed
# to read this section. If you want your own MySQL client program to
# honor these values, you need to specify it as an option during the
# MySQL client library initialization.
#
[client]
port=3306
[mysql]
default-character-set=gbk
# SERVER SECTION
# ----------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by the MySQL Server. Make sure that
# you have installed the server correctly (see above) so it reads this
# file.
#
[mysqld]
# The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server will listen on
port=3306
#Path to installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this.
basedir="D:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.0/"
#Path to the database root
datadir="D:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.0/Data/"
# The default character set that will be used when a new schema or table is
# created and no character set is defined
default-character-set=gbk
# The default storage engine that will be used when create new tables when
default-storage-engine=INNODB
# Set the SQL mode to strict
sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"
# The maximum amount of concurrent sessions the MySQL server will
# allow. One of these connections will be reserved for a user with
# SUPER privileges to allow the administrator to login even if the
# connection limit has been reached.
max_connections=100
# Query cache is used to cache SELECT results and later return them
# without actual executing the same query once again. Having the query
# cache enabled may result in significant speed improvements, if your
# have a lot of identical queries and rarely changing tables. See the
# "Qcache_lowmem_prunes" status variable to check if the current value
# is high enough for your load.
# Note: In case your tables change very often or if your queries are
# textually different every time, the query cache may result in a
# slowdown instead of a performance improvement.
query_cache_size=15M
# The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value
# increases the number of file descriptors that mysqld requires.
# Therefore you have to make sure to set the amount of open files
# allowed to at least 4096 in the variable "open-files-limit" in
# section [mysqld_safe]
table_cache=256
table_cache指定表高速缓存的大小。每当MySQL访问一个表时，如果在表缓冲区中还有空间，该表就被打开并放入其中，这样可以更快地访问表内容。通过检查峰值时间的状态值Open_tables和Opened_tables，可以决定是否需要增加table_cache的值。如果你发现open_tables等于table_cache，并且opened_tables在不断增长，那么你就需要增加table_cache的值了（上述状态值可以使用SHOW STATUS LIKE ‘Open%tables’获得）。注意，不能盲目地把table_cache设置成很大的值。如果设置得太高，可能会造成文件描述符不足，从而造成性能不稳定或者连接失败。
# Maximum size for internal (in-memory) temporary tables. If a table
# grows larger than this value, it is automatically converted to disk
# based table This limitation is for a single table. There can be many
# of them.
tmp_table_size=18M
# How many threads we should keep in a cache for reuse. When a client
# disconnects, the client's threads are put in the cache if there aren't
# more than thread_cache_size threads from before. This greatly reduces
# the amount of thread creations needed if you have a lot of new
# connections. (Normally this doesn't give a notable performance
# improvement if you have a good thread implementation.)
thread_cache_size=8
根据调查发现以上服务器线程缓存thread_cache_size没有进行设置，或者设置过小,这个值表示可以重新利用保存在缓存中线程的数量,当断开连接时如果缓存中还有空间,那么客户端的线程将被放到缓存中,如果线程重新被请求，那么请求将从缓存中读取,如果缓存中是空的或者是新的请求，那么这个线程将被重新创建,如果有很多新的线程，增加这个值可以改善系统性能.通过比较 Connections 和 Threads_created 状态的变量，可以看到这个变量的作用。(-->表示要调整的值) 根据物理内存设置规则如下：
1G ---> 8
2G ---> 16
3G ---> 32
>3G ---> 64
#*** MyISAM Specific options
# The maximum size of the temporary file MySQL is allowed to use while
# recreating the index (during REPAIR, ALTER TABLE or LOAD DATA INFILE.
# If the file-size would be bigger than this, the index will be created
# through the key cache (which is slower).
myisam_max_sort_file_size=100G
# If the temporary file used for fast index creation would be bigger
# than using the key cache by the amount specified here, then prefer the
# key cache method. This is mainly used to force long character keys in
# large tables to use the slower key cache method to create the index.
myisam_max_extra_sort_file_size=100G
# If the temporary file used for fast index creation would be bigger
# than using the key cache by the amount specified here, then prefer the
# key cache method. This is mainly used to force long character keys in
# large tables to use the slower key cache method to create the index.
myisam_sort_buffer_size=35M
# Size of the Key Buffer, used to cache index blocks for MyISAM tables.
# Do not set it larger than 30% of your available memory, as some memory
# is also required by the OS to cache rows. Even if you're not using
# MyISAM tables, you should still set it to 8-64M as it will also be
# used for internal temporary disk tables.
key_buffer_size=8M
# Size of the buffer used for doing full table scans of MyISAM tables.
# Allocated per thread, if a full scan is needed.
read_buffer_size=64K
read_rnd_buffer_size=256K
# This buffer is allocated when MySQL needs to rebuild the index in
# REPAIR, OPTIMZE, ALTER table statements as well as in LOAD DATA INFILE
# into an empty table. It is allocated per thread so be careful with
# large settings.
sort_buffer_size=256K
#*** INNODB Specific options ***
# Use this option if you have a MySQL server with InnoDB support enabled
# but you do not plan to use it. This will save memory and disk space
# and speed up some things.
#skip-innodb
# Additional memory pool that is used by InnoDB to store metadata
# information. If InnoDB requires more memory for this purpose it will
# start to allocate it from the OS. As this is fast enough on most
# recent operating systems, you normally do not need to change this
# value. SHOW INNODB STATUS will display the current amount used.
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=2M
这个参数用来设置 InnoDB 存储的数据目录信息和其它内部数据结构的内存池大小。应用程序里的表越多，你需要在这里分配越多的内存。对于一个相对稳定的应用，这个参数的大小也是相对稳定的，也没有必要预留非常大的值。如果 InnoDB 用光了这个池内的内存， InnoDB 开始从操作系统分配内存，并且往 MySQL 错误日志写警告信息。默认值是 1MB ，当发现错误日志中已经有相关的警告信息时，就应该适当的增加该参数的大小。
# If set to 1, InnoDB will flush (fsync) the transaction logs to the
# disk at each commit, which offers full ACID behavior. If you are
# willing to compromise this safety, and you are running small
# transactions, you may set this to 0 or 2 to reduce disk I/O to the
# logs. Value 0 means that the log is only written to the log file and
# the log file flushed to disk approximately once per second. Value 2
# means the log is written to the log file at each commit, but the log
# file is only flushed to disk approximately once per second.
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1
innodb将log buffer中的数据写入日志文件并flush磁盘的时间点，取值分别为0、1、2三个。0，表示当事务提交时，不做日志写入操作，而是每秒钟将log buffer中的数据写入日志文件并flush磁盘一次；1，则在每秒钟或是每次事物的提交都会引起日志文件写入、flush磁盘的操作，确保了事务的ACID；设置为2，每次事务提交引起写入日志文件的动作，但每秒钟完成一次flush磁盘操作。显然，设置为0或2可以减小系统的io压力，特别是0时，速度最快，提高mysql写操作的吞吐量，但mysql或操作系统的崩溃、断电都可能会引起数据的丢失，设置为2时os的崩溃和断电可能会引起数据的丢失。
# The size of the buffer InnoDB uses for buffering log data. As soon as
# it is full, InnoDB will have to flush it to disk. As it is flushed
# once per second anyway, it does not make sense to have it very large
# (even with long transactions).
innodb_log_buffer_size=1M
# InnoDB, unlike MyISAM, uses a buffer pool to cache both indexes and
# row data. The bigger you set this the less disk I/O is needed to
# access data in tables. On a dedicated database server you may set this
# parameter up to 80% of the machine physical memory size. Do not set it
# too large, though, because competition of the physical memory may
# cause paging in the operating system. Note that on 32bit systems you
# might be limited to 2-3.5G of user level memory per process, so do not
# set it too high.
innodb_buffer_pool_size=83M
# Size of each log file in a log group. You should set the combined size
# of log files to about 25%-100% of your buffer pool size to avoid
# unneeded buffer pool flush activity on log file overwrite. However,
# note that a larger logfile size will increase the time needed for the
# recovery process.
innodb_log_file_size=17M
# Number of threads allowed inside the InnoDB kernel. The optimal value
# depends highly on the application, hardware as well as the OS
# scheduler properties. A too high value may lead to thread thrashing.
innodb_thread_concurrency=8
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# Size of each log file in a log group. You should set the combined size
# of log files to about 25%-100% of your buffer pool size to avoid
# unneeded buffer pool flush activity on log file overwrite. However,
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附件是windows平台下mysql的安装和配置
