（四）大纲样题分析（Sample 4）
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] What to do as a student?
[B] Various definitions of plagiarism
[C] Ideas should always be sourced
[D] Ignorance can be forgiven
[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
[F] The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloinning, and publication as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”
41.
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
42.
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
43.
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
44.
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although ‘there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,’ the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
45.
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
一、文章总体分析
本文是关于学术抄袭的说明文。该文章层次分明，先介绍什么是抄袭，包括给它下定义；接着说明对抄袭的惩罚，以及学生抄袭的三种类型；最后指出学术界人士应该避免抄袭。
第一段：给抄袭下定义。
第二段：介绍对抄袭的不同处罚。
第三至六段：用分类法说明学生抄袭的三种情况。
第七段：指出学术界人士应该尊重知识，避免抄袭。
二、试题具体分析
（一）迅速阅读选项，了解选项及文章大意。
这种题型的选项一般置于文章前面，表达简洁明了，容易理解。迅速浏览一下其大意后，可以推测出该文章的主要话题是抄袭。（选项翻译见全文翻译）
(二) 阅读所考段落，概括段落大意
接下来的主要工作是概括所考查段落的主旨，可通过寻找段落主题句完成。
第一段给学术抄袭下定义。
（1）第41题所在段落即第二段说明了抄袭在不同情况下所受到的处罚。段首句是主题句。段中出现了penalty，punishment，fine，imprisonment，a ruined career等关键词表明了关于惩罚的各种形式。[F]项中consequences（后果）虽然是个中性词，但它可以概括所有的处罚类型，此外没有更合适的选项。
（2）第三段的首句指出，学生必须严格要求自己，注明借用观点或者词语的出处，以避免各种形式的抄袭。这显然是[A]项概括的内容。但这里考生匆忙之中也可能会选择[B]项，因为该段的末尾作者提到了抄袭的三种形式，即by accident, by ignorance, and by intention（偶然抄袭，无知抄袭，有意抄袭）。但是因为该段只是提到这三种抄袭形式，对它们做出确切完整的定义和分析的内容出现在下面三段中，因此[B]项放在这里并不恰当。
（3）第四段解释了造成了偶然抄袭的原因。该段前面部分用两个he may... 平行结构的句子说明了抄袭者抄袭的种种原因。考生应该注意的是这段段尾有一个表示让步转折关系的连词although，转折后的内容才是作者真正想表达的。最后一句作者指出，如果吸取教训，这类抄袭行为可以免受严重的惩罚。只有[D]项概括了这句话的内容。其中can be forgiven对应原文中的can be exempt from being severely punished。
（4）第五段作者主要讨论的是无知抄袭，以及如何避免此类行为。同样这一段落也以一个转折关系的句子结尾。同理，该句才是段落主题句。它提到，尽管除了信息、观点的表达之外，信息和观点本身并没有版权可言，但是当观点来源受到置疑时，作者仍无法为自己的无知辩护。换言之，也就是说仍应该注意观点的来源。选项为[C]。该段虽然出现了ignorance一词，但不能因此就选择[D]项。因为整个段落强调的是应该学会标注引用的来源。由此可见，考生不能因为出现个别词语而做出判断，而应该以各段主旨为依据。
（5）第六段中作者换用thievery，steal，deceive等多个表示盗窃的词语来说明抄袭这一行径，而且段落开始的时候，有这样一句话：最严重的学术盗窃是有意抄袭。因此[E]项最能概括这一段的中心内容。
三、全文翻译
现代学术界的学者、作家和教师对于承认引用另外一人的观点反应强烈。在讲英语的国家中，抄袭一词被用来指那些不指明所引用观点的来源的行为。简言之，抄袭就是不道德地剽窃或盗用他人想法或者想法的表达，并将其据为己有公之于众的行径。
抄袭的后果（[F]）
对抄袭的惩罚视情形严重而定。在许多大学，轻则某一门课程不及格，重则被学校开除学籍。在有国际版权法保护作家不受版权侵犯的文艺界，处罚小至小笔数额的罚款，大到监禁，甚至整个事业都会付诸东流。目前，通过版权法和来自学术界、文艺界的社会压力保护学者和作家是一个相当新的概念。这些社会压力和版权法要求作者在引用他人的原始文献资料时应尤为谨慎。
作为学生该怎么做？（[A]）
学生，作为毫无经验的学者，在引用其他学者的观点时应该严格要求自己，注明借用观点或者词语的出处，以避免各种形式的抄袭，否则就会产生极其严重的后果。在学生没有准确确认资料来源的情况中暴露出来的抄袭至少可以分为以下三种形式：偶然抄袭，无知抄袭和有意抄袭。
无知可以被谅解（[D]）
出于偶然或疏忽的抄袭，有时候是作者对于观点的来源不能确定或记忆的结果。这些观点，作者可能是在很久以前读到的，也可能是在某个已经忘记的讲座中听到的，或者是在和同行讨论中获得的二手的或者三手的资料。他也许很难界定此观点是否已经普及到不需要标明任何原始来源的程度。尽管这类抄袭也必须防范，但它是程度最轻的，如果吸取教训，可以免除严重的惩罚。
观点总是应该标明出处（[C]）
无知抄袭简单地说是指缺乏经验的作者常常不知道该如何标注，何时标注自己引文的来源。一些技巧如资料笔记、引文、脚注、参考书目列表等，学起来是很容易，而且可以防止作者在参考中因为无知而犯错误。尽管除了信息、观点的表达之外，信息和观点本身并没有版权可言，但是当观点来源受到置疑时，作者仍无法为自己的无知辩护。
抄袭等同于盗窃([E])
最严重的学术盗窃是有意抄袭。由于自身的懒惰和愚钝，作者抄袭他人的观点和语言，并据为己有。这类作者不仅剽窃，而且绞尽脑汁欺骗读者相信自己所言是原始观点。人们常常用无道德、不诚实、冒犯无礼、卑鄙等词汇来形容有意抄袭这一行径。
与抄袭相对的是承认引用并对其作者表示感谢。所有考虑充分的、值得信赖的作家都会借用其他人的观点，但他们很谨慎地承认自己受惠于引文来源。学生，作为正在发展的学者、作家、教师，以及一些专业领头人，应该认识到并承担自己对借用了语言或思想的所有引文来源的责任。这样，本专业的其他成员，不仅会尊重学问，也会敬仰谦虚和诚实。
多余选项翻译：
[B]关于抄袭的多个定义
(五)大纲样题分析（Sample 5）见2004年真题分析
