Passage 3
To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do.”
Look at it from the child's point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.
There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket(叫嚷) is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.
In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books.
Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.
11. The statement that children learn by imitation is incomplete because______ .
A. they only imitate authorities and experts
B. they are not willing to copy their parents
C. the process of identification has been ignored
D. the nature of their imitation as a form of behavior has been neglected
12. For a child the first element in his learning by imitation is .
A. the need to find an authority
B. the need to find a way to achieve the desired result
C. the need for more affection from his parents
D. the desire to meet the standards of his social group
13. Apart from achieving his desired results, a child should also learn to_____ .
A. behave properly C. show his affection for his parents
B. attain his goal as soon as possible D. talk quietly
14. Children tend to imitate their models______ .
A. who do not criticize them B. who bring them unexpected rewards
C. whom they want to be like D. whose social status is high
15. “An identifying figure”(Line 2, Para. 5. )refers to a person_____ .
A. who serves as a model for others B. who is always successful
C. who can be depended upon D. who has been rewarded for his success
Passage 4
American live in a style-conscious culture even elementary school children know the difference between Air Jordans and the cheaper imitations. By the time they enter junior high school，most American adolescents are already highly skilled at distinguishing between brand names.The real lesson young Americans learn is that they live in a world where it matters what brand of clothes or furniture or car they buy. It matters what style of music they listen to，how they wear their hair，whether they're tattooed or pierced，and what kind of food they like to eat. Even everyday use-objects from staplers to toothbrushes to laptop computers matter too.
In many ways，it seems that such a concern for personal style and the appearance of objects is shallow and trivial. After all，what does it really matter whether or not someone's clothes or music or computer is at the cutting edge of style？Why should anyone care？One reason is that style is a guide to economic and social class in America. Style identifies. Whether consciously or unconsciously，we make judgments about people based on their appearance and their style. Simply by growing up in American culture，we acquire a sense of the style appropriate to different walks of life-how，for example，a high school teacher，a business executive，a truck driver，or a rock star ought to look.
Style communicates messages about economic and social class precisely because we share with others cultural codes that define what's normal and expected. For example，we expect wealthy professionals in metropolitan areas to be museum members，go to the opera，and enjoy gourmet food and fine wine. On the other hand，we are likely to expect that working-class men in the Midwest drink beer，listen to classic rock or country＆western，and support their local pro-football team. This doesn't mean that everyone in a particular social group conforms to these cultural codes. What it does indicate，however，is that style carries cultural meanings that go far beyond individual likes and dislikes. Style，in other words，is linked to the way of life that identifies groups of people，cultures，and subcultures. If the styles we adopt seem to be freely taken personal choices，they are contained nonetheless in a larger system of cultural codes that organize the way we think about identity，social status，prestige，good(and bad)taste，tradition，and innovation.
Fashion designers，graphic designers，and product designers understand this intimate connection between style and identity. They design everything from corporate logos and brand trademarks to the latest style of jeans and athletic shoes to computers and cars. Their job is to match styles to people's identities and，at the same time，to create styles that offer people new identities.
16. Why should young Americans learn to distinguish between brand names？
A. The differences of various brands make a difference in their life.
B. It's the result of manufacturers' marketing and promotion.
C. Consumerism is prevalent in America.
D. Brand names send message of the owner's identity.
17. In the author's opinion，style-conscious young Americans are＿•
A.following the trend B. snobbish
C. shallow D. conscious about themselves
18. Which of the following is NOT true，according to the author?
A. People in a particular social group should conform to the group's shared value system.
B. Style carries deeper meanings than personal likes and dislikes.
C. Style is contained in the larger system of culture.
D. Most people don't make judgments about someone just based on his appearance and style.
19. One's style sends out message about his economic and social status because
A. we live in a society where the richer a person is，the more expensive clothing he will choose
B. we are consciously or subconsciously influenced by cultural codes which can connect a style with certain strata in the society
C. we share with others a common tradition
D. we all have some stereotypes about social classes
20. A fashion designer who＿is a bad one.
A. matches styles to people's identity
B. makes innovation and creates styles
C. understands the connection between style and identity
D. disregards customer's identity
参考答案
1-5 C A D B C 6-10 C B D C D
11-15 D B A C A 16-20 D D D B D
