C++重载输入和输出操作符以及IO标准库中的刷新输入缓冲区残留字符问题
今天在做C++ Primer习题的14.11时,印象中应该挺简单的一题,结果却费了很长时间。
类定义:
typedef string Date;class CheckoutRecord{public:CheckoutRecord(){book_id=-1;}friend ostream& operator<<(ostream &os,const CheckoutRecord &obj);friend istream& operator>>(istream &in,CheckoutRecord &obj);private:double book_id;string title;Date date_borrowed;Date date_due;pair<string,string> borrower;vector<pair<string,string>*>wait_list;};重载输出操作符很简单:
ostream& operator<<(ostream &os,const CheckoutRecord &obj){os<<"Book ID:"<<obj.book_id<<endl;os<<"Title :"<<obj.title<<endl;os<<"Data borrowed:"<<obj.date_borrowed<<endl;os<<"Date due:"<<obj.date_due<<endl;os<<"Borrower:"<<obj.borrower.first<<" "<<obj.borrower.second<<endl;os<<"Waiters for this book:"<<endl;for(unsigned int i=0;i<obj.wait_list.size();++i)os<<obj.wait_list[i]->first<<" "<<obj.wait_list[i]->second<<";";os<<endl;return os;}istream& operator>>(istream &in,CheckoutRecord &obj){in>>obj.book_id;if(in){//when you typed newline,the new line was added to the //stream buffer, but "in>>obj.book_id" only reads the first double data and // left '\n' character still in the input stream buffer.in.ignore(INT_MAX,'\n');//Title may contain spacesstd::getline(in,obj.title);in>>obj.date_borrowed>>obj.date_due>>\obj.borrower.first>>obj.borrower.second;while(in){pair<string,string> *waiter=new pair<string,string>;in>>waiter->first;if(waiter->first=="end"){delete waiter;break;}in>>waiter->second;obj.wait_list.push_back(waiter);}}elseobj=CheckoutRecord();return in;}in.ignore(INT_MAX,'\n');
导致后面的getline得到的是空行。
为什么要加上这样一行,我在注释中已经写明了原因。以前一直以为"cin>>whatever_data"这类输入语句,碰到换行或是空白这些分隔符的时候,会在流缓冲中去除有效输入后的下一个分隔符,原来这些分隔符都还在保存在缓冲中!输入语句的行为应该是这样,只会在流中消除在它要的有效输入的前面的分隔符字符,得到想要的输入后,后面又碰到一个分隔符,说明该输入数据结束。但不对想要的输入数据后面的分隔符做任何处理。
不仅是对分隔符,对于输入错误时,"cin>>.."语句在输入终止后,使输入错误的字符让保留在流缓冲区内,这是一定要用cin.ignore来清理。
8.2节中的例子:
int ival;// read cin and test for only EOF; loop is excuted even if there are other IO failureswhile(cin >> ival, !cin.eof()){if(cin.bad()) // input stream is corrupted; bail out throw runtime_error("IO stream corrupted!");if(cin.fail()){cerr << "Bad data, try again!";cin.clear();cin.ignore();continue;}}那哪些输入函数会自动处理有效输入后的换行符呢?
getline和fgets这类以行为单位的输入函数,会自动将已输入行的换行符从输入缓冲中去除。
这个教训再次告诉我们,使用函数接口的时候,一定要理清它们的行为细节。有时还要弄清它们的底层实现,才能更好地理解它们的行为。
最后给出main函数和测试用例:
/*Sample Input:1001Miserable World201308201309Simon SmithMike aKris bTom cBison dJumping eenderr_idMiserable World201308201309Simon SmithMike aKris bTom cBis dJump eend*/int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]){CheckoutRecord record;cin>>record;cout<<"========================================"<<endl;cout<<record;}