C++编程轨范和标准总结

C++编程规范和标准总结

文件名:
每个源代码文件应该有一个包含文件。每个包含文件描述了单个类或者多个类相结合的集合。一般头文件(.h,或.hpp)包含类的定义而不是实例。因此包含文件可以用在多个文件当中，源文件(.c,.或cpp)定义了编译时加载进内存的代码，它的实例化定义包含在头文件中，例如，一个类的定义应该包含在.hpp的包含文件中，一个全局变量应该在.cpp文件中实例化而不是.hpp文件中。用extern在头文件声明该全局变量。文件名应该能够反映出类名。通常类名都是大写字母开头，头文件名和源文件名一般用小写字母开头，如文件classBase.hpp将包含ClassBase{}的定义,classBase.cpp将包含该类函数的源代码。类名建议使用下面的格式命名: CXxClassID， 其中 "Xx" 指的是类的构件. (如. Mn-- main, Fm-- File manager, Cp --command processor) 每个单词的首字母大写，文件命名时，去除前面的“C”。当在一个头文件中包含另外一个头文件，不要包含全路径。这就避免了依赖于操作系统方法引用的目录路径创建的可移植性问题。应该使用编译器命令行标志来包含路径，如 –l/路径名。使用双引号“”来包含本地头文件，用<>来包含操作系统或编译器提供的头文件。 为了方便使用脚本和make文件，文件名（目录路径）不应包含空格，括号“（”或其他操作系统部支持的非法字符。
文件格式:
行结束: 对于跨平台开发，应该去除”^M”字符。可以采用下面方法来去除：
Command: dos2unix filename.cpp vim: :1,$ s/{ctrl-V}{ctrl-M}// 如果使用MS/Visual studio ，在文件末尾加入包含至少一个空白的空行可以去除Unix下文件的文件结束标志“ctrl-D”。
文件头:
文件头应该包括版权声明,发布lincese.例如源代码在GUN license下发布的，需要声明。如果该文件包含公司的专有材料也应该声明。如果代码的license,copyright,发布用途不同，需要将这些代码划分到不同的文件中。注释应该放置在文件的最上面，用来说明该文件的名字和文件的内容。
头文件:
C++ 经常用.hpp作为头文件名的后缀，而C用”.h”来作为头文件后缀。使用预定义宏来防止多次包含头文件。

分隔:
改变一个单词的字母为大写来区别一个新词的开始，这样可以时变量更短，是因为不使用“_”。Examples: 
VariableForTheBlueTeam variableForTheBlueTeamInstantiation SPAM_Eliminator C++ 变量命名约定和风格
"匈牙利" 前缀:. 
m_
my_
Variable is a member of class. Some use the prefix "my" for class member variables and "our" for class member static variables. (Also "m" and "ms" for member and member-static) I have also seen the use of "_" as both a prefix and as a suffix to denote a class member variable. If using mixed languages remember that many FORTRAN compilers use a "_" suffix. Due to C++ name mangling there will probably be no conflict when using this notation. It is a common practice but theoretically could pose a problem with mixed languages.
_
(underscore)
Variable not intended to be exposed externally to the user. Internal workings only. Most often used by compiler and library authors.Sometimes used (not preferred) as a suffix to repressent a class member variable.Sometimes used as variable prefix for function arguments. When used with function arguments, it can represent in/out/inout:
_variable: Function input variable. More explicit: _inVariable variable_: Function output variable. More explicit: outVariable_ _variable_: Input/output by function. More explicit: _inoutVariable_ 
Note: Dangerous when mixing C with FORTRAN as FUNCTION subroutines as suffixed with "_" in the object code. compiler flag "-fno-underscore".
__
Marks an use as extension to ANSI C++. Often not compiler independant. Usually reserved for use by compiler writers so it is best toavoid the double underscore. 
Note: Be careful when mixing with FORTRAN as "__" is often generated in FORTRAN object symbol names. See the f77 compiler flag "-fno-second-underscore". Also used in Microsoft "Managed C++" directives.
a
array
c 
n
count / number of
cb 
count bytes / number of bytes
d 
Data type double
dw 
Data type double word
e 
an enumeration or element of an array
b
f 
is
has
should
boolean
(flag)
Example: isFound
Note: accessor functions can also use these same prefixes: bool isBoolean{ return mBoolean; }
g_

g gbl
Gbl
global variable. Also used is the "::" operator. i.e. ::variable
s
s_ 
Static variable
h 
handle
i 
index to an array or STL iterator
l 
long data type. i.e. "long int"
p 
ptr
pointer. Sometimes "Ptr" used as suffix.
lp 
pointer to long data type
ch 
C character 
sz 
Zero terminated string. char[] 
str 
C++ GNU template data type "string"
u 
unsigned 
ev 
event 
min 
Lowest value
first 
First element
lim 
array limit
cmd 
Command
cmp 
Compare
init 
Initialize
intr 
Interrupt
msg 
Message
rx 
Recieve
tx 
Transmit
C 
Prefix for a Class name. Notation used by Microsoft MFC. 
Example: CAbcXyz abcXyz
Note: The instatiation begins with a lower case letter while the class definition begins with a capital letter.
_t 
_Type
Type definition (typedef - suffix). Prefix with capital letter.
_Enum
Enumeration type definition suffix.
_ds
Data structure suffix.
匈牙利命名例子：: 
ppachVarName: pointer to a pointer of an array of characters. m_ppachVarName: class member variable which is a pointer to a pointer of an array of characters.
使用匈牙利命名法应该使代码更容易读而不是更复杂。有的人使用上面命名规则的一部分，如：m, _, g, s, e, b,i, n.