ubuntu的使用
1.命令缩写：
ls：list(列出目录内容)
cd：Change Directory（改变目录）
su:switch user?切换用户
rpm:redhat package manager?红帽子打包管理器
pwd:print work directory?打印当前目录显示出当前工作目录的绝对路径
ps: process status(进程状态，类似于windows的任务管理器)?常用参数：－auxf
ps -auxf?显示进程状态
df: disk free?其功能是显示磁盘可用空间数目信息及空间结点信息。换句话说，就是报告在任何安装的设备或目录中，还剩多少自由的空间。
rpm：即RedHat Package Management，是RedHat的发明之一
rmdir：Remove Directory（删除目录）
rm：Remove（删除目录或文件）
cat: concatenate连锁?cat file1 file2>>file3把文件1和文件2的内容联合起来放到file3中
insmod: install module,载入模块
ln -s : link -soft?创建一个软链接，相当于创建一个快捷方式
mkdir：Make Directory(创建目录
touch
man: Manual
pwd：Print working directory
su：Swith user
cd：Change directory
ls：List files
ps：Process Status
mkdir：Make directory
rmdir：Remove directory
mkfs: Make file system
fsck：File system check
cat: Concatenate
uname: Unix name
df: Disk free
du: Disk usage
lsmod: List modules
mv: Move file
rm: Remove file
cp: Copy file
ln: Link files
fg: Foreground
bg: Background
chown: Change owner
chgrp: Change group
chmod: Change mode
umount: Unmount
dd:?本来应根据其功能描述“Convert an copy”命名为“cc”，但“cc”已经被用以代表“C Complier”，所以命名为“dd”
tar：Tape archive
ldd：List dynamic dependencies
insmod：Install module
rmmod：Remove module
lsmod：List module
文件结尾的"rc"（如.bashrc、.xinitrc等）：Resource configuration
Knnxxx / Snnxxx（位于rcx.d目录下）：K（Kill）；S(Service)；nn（执行顺序号）；xxx（服务标识）
.a（扩展名a）：Archive，static library
.so（扩展名so）：Shared object，dynamically linked library
.o（扩展名o）：Object file，complied result of C/C++ source file
RPM：Red hat package manager
dpkg：Debian package manager
apt：Advanced package tool（Debian或基于Debian的发行版中提供）
部分Linux命令缩
bin = BINaries #下面的是一些二进制程序文件
/dev = DEVices ?#下面的是一些硬件驱动
/etc = ETCetera #目录存放着各种系统配置文件,?类似于windows下的system
/lib = LIBrary
/proc = PROCesses
/sbin = Superuser BINaries
/tmp = TeMPorary
/usr = Unix Shared Resources?
/var = VARiable ?
/boot=boot #下面的是开机启动文件
FIFO = First In, First Out
GRUB = GRand Unified Bootloader
IFS = Internal Field Seperators
LILO = LInux LOader
MySQL = My是最初作者女儿的名字，SQL = Structured Query Language
PHP = Personal Home Page Tools = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
PS = Prompt String
Perl = "Pratical Extraction and Report Language" = "Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister"
Python?得名于电视剧Monty Python's Flying Circus
Tcl = Tool Command Language
Tk = ToolKit
VT = Video Terminal
YaST = Yet Another Setup Tool
apache = "a patchy" server
apt = Advanced Packaging Tool
ar = archiver
as = assembler
awk = "Aho Weiberger and Kernighan"?三个作者的姓的第一个字母
bash = Bourne Again SHell
bc = Basic (Better) Calculator
bg = BackGround
biff =?作者Heidi Stettner在U.C.Berkely养的一条狗,喜欢对邮递员汪汪叫。
cal = CALendar
cat = CATenate
cd = Change Directory
chgrp = CHange GRouP
chmod = CHange MODe
chown = CHange OWNer
chsh = CHange SHell
cmp = compare
cobra = Common Object Request Broker Architecture
comm = common
cp = CoPy
cpio = CoPy In and Out
cpp = C Pre Processor
cron = Chronos?希腊文时间
cups = Common Unix Printing System
cvs = Current Version System
daemon = Disk And Execution MONitor
dc = Desk Calculator
dd = Disk Dump
df = Disk Free
diff = DIFFerence
dmesg = diagnostic message
du = Disk Usage
ed = editor
egrep = Extended GREP
elf = Extensible Linking Format
elm = ELectronic Mail
emacs = Editor MACroS
eval = EVALuate
ex = EXtended
exec = EXECute
fd = file descriptors
fg = ForeGround
fgrep = Fixed GREP
fmt = format
fsck = File System ChecK
fstab = FileSystem TABle
fvwm = F*** Virtual Window Manager
gawk = GNU AWK
gpg = GNU Privacy Guard
groff = GNU troff
hal = Hardware Abstraction Layer
joe = Joe's Own Editor
ksh = Korn SHell
lame = Lame Ain't an MP3 Encoder
lex = LEXical analyser
lisp = LISt Processing = Lots of Irritating Superfluous Parentheses
ln = LiNk
lpr = Line PRint
ls = list
lsof = LiSt Open Files
m4 = Macro processor Version 4
man = MANual pages
mawk = Mike Brennan's AWK
mc = Midnight Commander
mkfs = MaKe FileSystem
mknod = MaKe NODe
motd = Message of The Day
mozilla = MOsaic GodZILLa
mtab = Mount TABle
mv = MoVe
nano = Nano's ANOther editor
nawk = New AWK
nl = Number of Lines
nm = names
nohup = No HangUP
nroff = New ROFF
od = Octal Dump
passwd = PASSWorD
pg = pager
pico = PIne's message COmposition editor
pine = "Program for Internet News & Email" = "Pine is not Elm"
ping =?拟声又?= Packet InterNet Grouper
pirntcap = PRINTer CAPability
popd = POP Directory
pr = pre
printf = PRINT Formatted
ps = Processes Status
pty = pseudo tty
pushd = PUSH Directory
pwd = Print Working Directory
rc = runcom = run command, rc还是plan9的shell
rev = REVerse
rm = ReMove
rn = Read News
roff = RunOFF
rpm = RPM Package Manager = RedHat Package Manager
rsh, rlogin, rvim中的r = Remote
rxvt = ouR XVT
seamoneky =?我
sed = Stream EDitor
seq = SEQuence
shar = SHell ARchive
slrn = S-Lang rn
ssh = Secure SHell
ssl = Secure Sockets Layer
stty = Set TTY
su = Substitute User
svn = SubVersioN
tar = Tape ARchive
tcsh = TENEX C shell
tee = T (T形水管接口)
telnet = TEminaL over Network
termcap = terminal capability
terminfo = terminal information
tex = τ?χνη的缩写，希腊文art
tr = traslate
troff = Typesetter new ROFF
tsort = Topological SORT
tty = TeleTypewriter
twm = Tom's Window Manager
tz = TimeZone
udev = Userspace DEV
ulimit = User's LIMIT
umask = User's MASK
uniq = UNIQue
vi = VIsual = Very Inconvenient
vim = Vi IMproved
wall = write all
wc = Word Count
wine = WINE Is Not an Emulator
xargs = eXtended ARGuments
xdm = X Display Manager
xlfd = X Logical Font Description
xmms = X Multimedia System
xrdb = X Resources DataBase
xwd = X Window Dump
yacc = yet another compiler compiler
Fish = the Friendly Interactive SHell
su = Switch User
MIME = Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
ECMA = European Computer Manufacturers Association
apt-get----------------------advance?packaging?tool
sudo-------------------------switch?user to?do?someting.
yum--------------------------yellowdog?updater?modified
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2.软件的安装的过程
各步骤详解
[yonghu@localhost ~]#su root //(使用root帐户登录，使用其他用户，之后操作有可能权限不够)
口令: // 输入root密码
[root@localhost ~]# cd /home/new/Desktop
// (切换到tar.gz文件所在目录，这里我的tar.gz文件在桌面)
[root@localhost Desktop]#tar -xzvf fcitx-3.4.2.tar.gz
// (解压tar.gz文件，这里以fcitx-3.4.2来举例，解压得到fcitx-3.4.2文件夹)
[root@localhost Desktop]#cd /home/new/Desktop/fcitx-3.4.2
//（切换目录到fcitx-3.4.2，软件解压的目录）
[root@localhost fcitx-3.4.2]#./configure --prefix=/opt/fictx
//(配置，把文件存放在/opt/fictx下，删除时，卸载软件时，只要删除这个文件就行了)
[root@localhost fcitx-3.4.2]#make (编译)
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3.Linux文件的目录及其作用
.tar.gz一般情况下都是源代码的安装包，需要先解压再经过编译、安装.才能执行。总而言之它是一个压缩文件。
1、/bin ：获得最小的系统可操作性所需要的命令
2、/boot ：内核和加载内核所需的文件
3、/dev ：终端、磁盘、调制解调器等的设备项
4、/etc ：关键的启动文件和配置文件
5、/home ：用户的主目录
6、/lib ：C编译器的库和部分C编译器
7、/media ：可移动介质上文件系统的安装点
8、/opt ：可选的应用安装包
9、/proc ：所有正在运行进程的映像
10、/root ：超级用户的主目录
11、/sbin ：引导、修复或者恢复系统的命令
12、/tmp ：每次重新引导就消失的临时文件
13、/usr ：次要文件和命令的层次结构
14、/usr/bin ：大多数命令和可执行文件
15、/usr/include ：编译C程序的头文件
16、/usr/lib ：库，供标准程序使用的支持文件
17、/usr/local ：本地软件（用户所编写或者安装的软件）
18、/usr/local/bin ：本地的可执行文件
19、/usr/local/etc ：本地系统配置文件和命令
20、/usr/local/lib ：本地的支持文件
21、/usr/local/sbin ：静态链接的本地系统维护命令
22、/usr/local/src ：/usr/local/*的源代码
23、/usr/man ：联机用户手册
24、/usr/sbin不太关键的系统管理命令和修复命令
25、/usr/share ：多种系统共同的东西（只读）
26、/usr/share/man ：练级用户手册
27、/usr/src ：非本地软件包的源代码
28、/var ：系统专用数据和配置文件
29、/var/adm ：各种不同的东西
30、/var/log ：各种系统日志文件
31、/var/spool ：供打印机、邮件等使用的假脱机目录
32、/var/tmp ：更多的临时空间（在重新引导之后，文件予以保留）
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