ActivePython2.6-Document（tutorial）--阅读笔记
ActivePython2.6-Documentation--阅读笔记
??? 0,python tutorial??? --Python 2.6 for windows 软件包中自动文档中的教程。
?
由? 王宇 原创并发布：
??? ??? 1、阅读python文档,笔记：
??? ??? ??? 1、调用python的解析器,在命令行中直接执行：python
??? ??? ??? 2、在计算器中，使用pyton
??? ??? ??? ??? (1)在提示符中输入，自动多行输入，回车空行结束多行输入
??? ??? ??? ??? (2)Numbers:3
??? ??? ??? ??? (3)Strings:HELLO="Hello,world!!"printHELLO
??? ??? ??? ??? (4)unicodeStrings:u'Helloworld"
??? ??? ??? ??? (5)Listsa=['spam','eggs',100,1234]
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>a[0]
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 'spam'
??? ??? ??? 3、控制语句：
??? ??? ??? ??? 3.1 if elif else???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>ifx<0:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...??? x=0
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...??? print'Negative'
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...elsex==0:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? print'Zero'
??? ??? ??? ??? 3.2 for
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>a=['cat','window','dog']
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>forxina:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...??? printx,len(x)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? cat3
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? window6
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? dog3
??? ??? ??? ??? 3.3 range()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>range(5)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? [5,6,7,9,10]
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>range(5,9)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? [5,6,7,8]
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>range(5,10,2)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? [5,7,9]
??? ??? ??? ??? 3.4 break,continue
??? ??? ??? ??? 3.5 pass
??? ??? ??? ??? 3.6 def
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? MoreonDefiningFunctions
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? DefaultArgumentValues
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>deffib(n):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...??? b=10
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...??? whileb<n:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...??? ??? b=b+1
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>fib(20)
??? ??? ??? ??? 注意缩进问题
??? ??? ??? 4、数据结构
??? ??? ??? ??? 4.1 More on list???
??? ??? ??? ??? >>>a=[66,25,333,333,1,1234.5]
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? list.append()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>a.append(333)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>a
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? [66,25,333,333,1,1234.5,333]
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? list.extend()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? list.insert()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? list.remove()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? list.pop()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? list.index()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? list.count()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? list.sort()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? list.reverse()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? UsingListsasStacks
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>stack=[3,4,5]
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>stack.pop
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 5
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? UsingListasQueues
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>fromcollectionsimportdeque
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>queue=deque(["Eric","John","Michael"])
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>queue.append("Terry")
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>queue.popleft()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 'Eric'
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>queue
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? deque(["John","Michael","Terry"])
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? FunctionalProgrammingTools
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? filter()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? map()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? reduce()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ListComprehensions???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? NestedListComprehensions
??? ??? ??? ??? 4.2 The delstatement
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>a=[-1,1,66.25,333,333,1234.5]
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>dela[0]
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>a
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? [1,66.25,333,333,1234.5]
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>dela[2:4]
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>a
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? [1,66.25,1234.5]
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>dela[:]
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>a
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? []
??? ??? ??? ??? 4.3 Tuple sand Sequences
??? ??? ??? ??? 4.4 Sets
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>basket=['apple','orange','apple','pear']
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>fruit=set(basket)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>fruit
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? set(['apple','orange','apple','pear'])
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>'organge'infruit
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? True
??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? 4.5 Dictionaries
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>tel={'jack':4098,'sape':4139}
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>tel['guido']=4127
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>tel
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? {'jack':4098,'sape':4139,'guido',4127}
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>tel['jack']
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 4098
??? ??? ??? ??? 4.6 Looping Techniques
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>tel={'jack':4098,'sape':4139}
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>fork,vintel.iteritems():
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...??? printk,v
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 'jack'4098
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 'sape'4139
??? ??? ??? ??? 4.7 More on Conditions
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>a,b,c=1,2,3
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>a<b==c
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? Flase
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>c=2
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>a<b==c
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? True
??? ??? ??? ??? 4.8 Comparing Sequences and Other Types???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? 5、模块
??? ??? ??? ??? 5.1 Modules:currentdirectionfile:fibo.py;importfibo;fibo.fib(100)
??? ??? ??? ??? 5.2 More on Modules
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>fromfiboimportfib,fib2
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>fromfiboimport*
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>fib(500)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 5.2.1Excutingmodulesasscripts
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? pythonfibo.py<arguments>
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? addingthiscodeattheendofyourmodule.
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? if__name__=="__main__":
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? importsys
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? fib(int(sys.argv[1]))
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? $pythonfibo.py50
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 5.2.2TheModuleSearchPath
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? PYTHONPATH
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? sys.path
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 5.2.3CompiledPythonfiles
??? ??? ??? ??? 5.3 Standard Modules:PythonLibraryReference**
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? winregmoduleisonlyprovidedonWindowssystem.
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? IfPYTHONPATHisnotset,youwillmodifysys.path
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>importsys
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>sys.path.append('/usr/phthon');
??? ??? ??? ??? 5.4 **Thedir()Function
??? ??? ??? ??? 5.5 Package:PackageisPhthon'snamespaceofmodules
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? importsound.effects.echo
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? fromsound.effectsimportecho???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 5.5.1Importing*FromaPackage
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? __all__
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 5.5.2Intra-packageReferences
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 5.5.3PackageinMultipleDirectories
??? ??? ??? 6、输入和输出
??? ??? ??? ??? 6.1 Fancie rOutput Formatting
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? str():human-readable
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? repr():Itcanbereadbytheinterpreter
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 6.1.1
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 6.1.2Oldstringformatting
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>print'Thevalueis%5.3f'%math.pi
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>Thevalueis3.142
??? ??? ??? ??? 6.2 Reading and Writing Files
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? f=open('/tmp/dinw.txt','w')
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? secondparametercontain'o''r''w'...
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 6.2.1MethodsofFileObjects
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? f.read()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? f.readline()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? f.readlines()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? f.write()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? f.tell()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? f.seek()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? f.close()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 6.2.2ThepickleModel??????
??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? 7、错误和异常
??? ??? ??? ??? Syntaxerrors
??? ??? ??? ??? Exceptions
??? ??? ??? ??? HandingExceptions
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? try:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? exceptValueerror:
??? ??? ??? ??? RaisingExceptions
??? ??? ??? 8、类:Noconstructoranddestructor
??? ??? ??? ??? 8.1 A Word About Terninology
??? ??? ??? ??? 8.2 Python Scopes and Name Spaces(???)
??? ??? ??? ??? 8.3 A First Look at Classes
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 8.3.1ClassDefinitionSyntax
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? classClassName:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? <statement-1>
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ..
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ..
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? <statement-N>
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 8.3.2ClassObjects
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? classMyClass:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? """Asimpleexampleclass"""
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? i=12345
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? deff(self):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? return'helloworld'
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? attribute:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>MyClass.i
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 12345
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>MyClass.f
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? instantiation:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? x=MyClass()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? initialstate:__init__()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? classComplex:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? def__init__(self,realpart,imagpart):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? self.data=[]
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? self.r=realpart//私有的，类实例化得特性表现
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? self.m=imagpart
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>x=Complex(3.0,-4.5)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>x.r,x.i
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? (3.0,-4.5)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 8.3.3InstanceObjects
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? x.fisnotthesamethingasMyClass.f--itisamethodobject,notafunctionobject.???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 8.3.4MethodObject(???)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>classMyClass:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...??? x=1
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>obj1=MyClass()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>obj1.x
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 1
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>obj2=MyClass()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>obj2.x
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 1
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>obj1.x=2
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>obj2.x
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 2//怎么会是2，而不是1？这个地方把我给搞晕了，颠覆了我对类实例化的概念，如何实现类似C++的类实例化？
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>MyClass.x//整个是一个全局静态变量！！
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 2
??? ??? ??? ??? 8.4 Random Remarks
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? deff1(self,x,y):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? returnmin(x,x+y)
??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? classC:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? f=f1
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? defg(self):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? return'hellowworld'
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? h=g
??? ??? ??? ??? Nowf,gandhareallattributesofC???
??? ??? ??? ??? 8.5 Inheritance??? (继承)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? classDerivedClassName(BaseClassName):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? <statement-1>
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? <Statement-N>
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 8.5.1MultipleInheritance
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? classDerivedClassName(Base1,Base2,Base3):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? <statement-1>
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? <Statement-N>
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 按照顺序寻找方法。???
??? ??? ??? ??? 8.6 Private Variables
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 定义变量前加：'_'
??? ??? ??? ??? 8.7 Odds and Ends
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? classEmployee:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? pass
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? john=Employee()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? #Fillthefieldsoftherecord(太随意了，很容易犯错误！)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? john.name='JohnDoe'
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? john.salary=1000
??? ??? ??? ??? 8.8 Exceptions Are Classes Too
??? ??? ??? ??? 8.9 Iterators
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? forelementin[1,2,3]:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? printelement
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? forelementin(1,2,3):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? printelement
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? forkeyin{'one':1,'two':2}:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? printkey
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? forcharin"123":
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? printchar
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? forlineinopen("myfile.txt"):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? printline
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ------------------------??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>s='abc'
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>it=iter(s)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>it
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? <iteratorobjectat0x00A1DB50>
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>it.next()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 'a'
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>it.next()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 'b'
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>it.next()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 'c'
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>it.next()
??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? Traceback(mostrecentcalllast):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? File"<stdin>",line1,in?
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? it.next()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? StopIteration
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ------------------------
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? classReverse:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? "Iteratorforloopingoverasequencebackwards"
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? def__init__(self,data):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? self.data=data
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? self.index=len(data)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? def__iter__(self)://returnanobjectwithanext()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? returnself
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? defnext(self):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ifself.index==0:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? raiseStopIteration
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? self.index=self.index-1
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? returnself.data[self.index]
??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>forcharinReverse('spam')://循环执行，每次递减1，类的处理太别扭了，就是一个全局封装，无实例化得概念
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...printchar
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? m
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? a
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? p
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? s
??? ??? ??? ??? 8.10 Generators??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? defreverse(data):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? forindexinrange(len(data)-1,-1,-1):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? yielddata[index]
??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>forcharinreverse('golf'):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...printchar
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? f
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? l
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? o
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? g
??? ??? ??? ??? 8.11GeneratorExpressions
??? ??? ??? 9.BriefTouroftheStandardLibrary???
??? ??? ??? ??? 9.1 Operating System Interface
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>importos
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>dir(os)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? <returnsalistofallmodulefunctions>
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>help(os)//**查看到os得详细内容，很有用。:q退出
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? <returnsanextensivemanualpagecreatedfromthemodule'sdocstrings>
??? ??? ??? ??? 9.2 File Wildcards
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>importglob
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>glob.glob('*.py')
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ['primes.py','random.py','quote.py']
??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? 9.3 Command Line Arguments
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>importsys
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>printsys.argv
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ['demo.py','one','two','three']
??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? 9.4 Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>sys.stderr.write('Warning,logfilenotfoundstartinganewone\n')
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? Warning,logfilenotfoundstartinganewone
??? ??? ??? ??? 9.5 String Pattern Matching
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? Theremoduleprovidesregularexpressiontoolsforadvancedstringprocessing
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>importre
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>re.findall(r'\bf[a-z]*','whichfootorhandfellfastest')
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ['foot','fell','fastest']
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>re.sub(r'(\b[a-z]+)\1',r'\1','catinthethehat')
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 'catinthehat'
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ----------
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>'teafortoo'.replace('too','two')
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 'teafortwo'
??? ??? ??? ??? 9.6 Mathematics
??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ThemathmodulegivesaccesstotheunderlyingClibraryfunctionsforfloatingpointmath:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? Therandommoduleprovidestoolsformakingrandomselections
??? ??? ??? ??? 9.7 InternetAccess
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? urllib2、smtplib
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>importurllib2
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>forlineinurllib2.urlopen('http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl'):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...if'EST'inlineor'EDT'inline:#lookforEasternTime
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...printline
??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? <BR>Nov.25,09:43:32PMEST
??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>importsmtplib
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>server=smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>server.sendmail('soothsayer@example.org','jcaesar@example.org',
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ..."""To:jcaesar@example.org
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...From:soothsayer@example.org
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...BewaretheIdesofMarch.
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ...""")
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>server.quit()
??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? 9.8 Dates and Times
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? datatimemodule
??? ??? ??? ??? 9.9 Data Compression
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? zlib,gzip,bz2,zipfileandtarfile.
??? ??? ??? ??? 9.10 Performance Measurement
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>fromtimeitimportTimer
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>Timer('t=a;a=b;b=t','a=1;b=2').timeit()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 0.57535828626024577
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>Timer('a,b=b,a','a=1;b=2').timeit()
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 0.54962537085770791
??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? 9.11 Quality Control
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? doctest:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? defaverage(values):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? """Computesthearithmeticmeanofalistofnumbers.
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? >>>printaverage([20,30,70])
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 40.0
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? """
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? returnsum(values,0.0)/len(values)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? importdoctest
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? doctest.testmod()#automaticallyvalidatetheembeddedtests
??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? unittest:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? importunittest
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? classTestStatisticalFunctions(unittest.TestCase):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? deftest_average(self):
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? self.assertEqual(average([20,30,70]),40.0)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? self.assertEqual(round(average([1,5,7]),1),4.3)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError,average,[])
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? self.assertRaises(TypeError,average,20,30,70)
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? unittest.main()#Callingfromthecommandlineinvokesalltests
??? ??? ??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ??? 9.12BatteriesIncluded??? :
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 通过获得更大的包，来应对复杂的应用。
??? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? 10.BriefTouroftheStandardLibrary-PartII
??? ??? ??? ??? 10.1 Output Formatting
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? repr//
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? pprint//打印输出的格式
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? textwrap//设定换行的大小
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? locale
??? ??? ??? ??? 10.2Templating
??? ??? ??? ??? 10.3 Working with Binary Data Record Layouts