IV.定语从句
(一)基本概念
1.由一个句子作定语，修饰句中一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容，这样的从句就是定语从句，被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
2.关系词分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。
关系词的分类和基本用法
表一
分类 | 指代 | 引导词 |
关系代词 | 人 | who, whom, that, as |
事物 | which, that, as | |
人或物（表所属关系） | whose | |
关系副词 | 地点 | where |
时间 | when | |
原因 | why |
表二
关系代词 | 指代 | 例句 | 解释 |
who | 人 | The man who helped you is Mr White. | 在定从中作主语 |
whom | That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see. | 在定从中作宾语，可省略 | |
whose | He is the father whose son studies very well in our class. | 在定从中作定语 | |
that | I′m not the fool that you thought me to be. | 在定从中作表语 | |
as | He is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with. | 在定从中作宾语 | |
that | 事物 | The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice. | 在定从中作宾语 |
which | A dictionary is a useful book which tells us the meaning of words | 在定从中作主语 | |
whose | He lives in a room whose window faces south | 在定从中作定语 | |
as | It is such a big stone as nobody can lift. | 在定从中作宾语 | |
整句内容 | As is known to all, he is the best student. | 在定从中作主语 |
表三
关系副词 | 指代 | 例句 | 解释 |
when | 时间 | Would you suggest a time when we can have a talk? | 在定从中作状语 |
where | 地点 | The house where they live is not very large. | 在定从中作状语 |
why | 原因 | This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting. | 在定从中作状语 |
(二)定语从句的注意点
本部分的内容比较复杂，为便于考生一目了然，我们试图用表格的形式呈现给考生。
1.that与which, who, whom的用法区别
情 况 | 用法说明 | 例 句 | |
只用that的情况 | ①先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时 ②先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 ③先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 ④先行词既指人又指物时 ⑤先行词被the only, the very修饰时 ⑥句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 | ①He told me everything that he knows.
②All the books that you offered has been given out. ③This is the best film that I have ever read. ④We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. ⑤He is the only man that I want to see. ⑥Who is the man that is making a speech? | |
只用which, who, whom的情况 | ①在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 ②在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 ③先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 | ①He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. ②I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. ③Those who respect others are usually respected by others. | |
只用that，in which或不用关系词的情况 | the way做先行词时 | ①Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you. ②I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood. ③What surprised me was not what he said but _______ he said it. A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which | |
2.as、which和that的区别
从句 | 区 别 | 例 句 |
限制性 定语从句中 | 名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which | He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. |
非限制性 定语从句中 | as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 | They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. |
the same... as和 the same ...that | the same... as指同类事物 the same ...that 指原物 | That’s the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同一把） That’s the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。 |
3. where、when与why引导的定语从句
关系副词 | 用 法 | 例 句 |
where | 关系副词where引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作地点状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示(具体或抽象的)地点的名词。 | We’re just trying to teach a point___both sides will sit down together and talk. A. where B. that C. when D. which |
when | 关系副词 when引导定语从句时, 只能在定语从句中作时间状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。 | There was ________time ________I hated to go to school. A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the ; when |
why | 关系副词why引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作原因状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示原因的名词。 | Do you know the reason why she was put into prison ? 你知道她坐牢的原因吗？ |
4.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词+whom/whose”, 且两个关系代词均不能省略。介词的选择要遵循两个原则：
原则 | 内 容 | 例 句 |
原则一 | 根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定 | I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction__________she had come. A.of which B.by which C.in which D.from which [解析]此题考查由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，根据句意用from which表示“所来的那个方向”，故答案选[D] |
原则二 | 根据先行词而定 | There are two buildings , _______ stands nearly a hundred feet high. A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which [解析] the larger of which指代the larger of the two buildings ，which 在定语从句中指代 building，作介词of的宾语，故答案为[D]。 |
5.定语从句与先行词被分割开来的现象
定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词;但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。
现 象 | 例 句 |
在定语从句加中插入语，常见的有：I think ,I suppose ,I guess ,I imagine等。辨别的方法是：去掉插入语后，原句句法结构仍然完整。 | ①---Is that the small town you often refer to? --- Right, just the one ________ you know I used to work for years. A.that B. which C.where D.what [解析] work是不及物动词，先行词one在定语从句中只能作地点状语，You know 在句中作插入语，所以答案选[C] 。 ②He made another wonderful discovery ,______of importance to science . A.which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is [解析]这里I think 是插入语，which 引导非限制性定语从句，故选［A］。 |
在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语 | There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。
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在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语 | Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
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先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后 | A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. |
