4.指示代词
①this和that是近指, that和those 是远指
I don’t want this book. I want that one.
②有时为了避免重复,常用that/ those 来代表前面出现过的名词
At this time of year, the weather here is much colder than that in Nanjing.
③this和that都可代表前面提到过的事情,若出现两个名词,指代前面的用that指代较后面的用this;但若指下文将要叙述事情,则只能用this，不能用that。此外，还可用于代替上文中出现过个单数或不可数名词，且后面带有of短语修饰。
Health is above wealth; this cannot give so much happiness as that.
健康胜于财富;财富不会像健康那样带来那么多幸福(句中this=wealth;that=health)
They cant afford it.That/this is their problem.
What I want you to remember is this :English is of great use.(此句中this不能用that替换)
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Suzhou.
④such的用法
such 一般在句中作定语和主语.用作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在之后。
Such is my answer.
Such are the results of the exams.
I have never seen such beautiful flowers.
用作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在such之后such a good book。
5.相互代词
①在句中可作宾语
They help each other and learn from each other.
②加’s后成为所有格,作定语
They asked about one another’s life and work.
6.不定代词
不定代词种类较多,在使用时应注意其用法与区别。为了便于记忆我们择其重点以表格的形式列出。
不定代词 | 区 别 | 例 句 |
one, some， any和it | one可以泛指人或者事（东西），其复数为ones。 | ①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet. A.one B.ones C.it D.them ②Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones do. A.one B.ones C.it D.those |
some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 | —Your coffee smells great! —It’s from Mexico．Would you like ________? A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle | |
some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 | ①I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. ②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? —________way as you please. A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Either | |
one指同类中的一个，it指代同一种类的东西。记住下列三点区别： ①it =the /this/ my…+单数名词 one =a/an+单数名词 ②it代替特定的单数名词 one代替不特定的单数名词 ③one之前加上定冠词the可以表示特指,one前如有形容词修饰,之前还可以加上不定冠词,但是it之前既不能加冠词也不能加形容词修饰。 | ①—There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ? —No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore. A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it ②This film is an interesting one. ③Of all the dresses, this is the one I like best. | |
some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。 | ①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get ________. A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a little,any ②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ________. A.none B.either C.any D.each ③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk. A. any B. many C. some D. much | |
each和every | each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 | ①Each student has a pocket dictionary. Each (of us) has a dictionary.= We each have a dictionary. ②Every student has strong and weak points. Every one of us has strong and weak points. |
all和both | both指两个人或物,而all指三个以上的人或物. 在句中都可作主语，宾语,表语,同位语和定语 | ①— Which of the two books will you take? — I’ll take ____and I think ____of them is very important to me. A. either; neither B. neither; both C. both; either D. either; both ②—Which of those electronic dictionaries do you like most? —____.They are both cheap and of great importance. A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All |
注意：both, all, each, every以及由every构成的不定代词出现在否定句中，不管否定词在前还是在后，都是部分否定：All of them don’t like music=Not all of them like music.他们并不都喜欢音乐。 要表示完全否定，需要借助neither，none ，no one ，nothing，nobody等。 Neither of them doesn’t like music.他们俩都不喜欢音乐。 None of them don’t like the music.他们都不喜欢音乐。 | ||
none和no | no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可。 | ①There is no water in the bottle. ②How much water is there in the bottle? None. ③None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. |
other和another | other泛指“另外的，别的”常与 其他词连用，④the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。 | ①Both sides have accused of breaking the contract. A.another B. the other C. neither D. each ②Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. |
another指“又一个，另一个”无 所指，复数形式是others，泛指 “别的人或事”。 | ①We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so let’s have ______ one this month． A.the other B．some C．another D．other ②The trousers are too long, please give me another pair /some others. ③Some like football, while others like basketball. | |
either和neither | 前者意思为：两者中任何一方都； 后者意思为：两者都不。 | ①—Do you want tea or coffee? —______,I really don't mind. A. none B. neither C. either D. all ②It was hard for him to learn English in a family,in which _____ of the parents spoke the language. A. none B. neither C. both D. each |
few和little;a few和a little | few 和little 表示没有多少,含否 定意义,而a few 和a little表示一 些,有几个,含肯定意义.另外, few 与a few修饰可数名词, little与 a little 修饰不可数名词。 此外quite a few , quitea little意思 是“不少,相当多的”。 | ①The old man knows a little English. ②Few of them can speak Russian. |