Chapter 10
第十章
The education system in Britain
1. primary education 初等教育，小学教育
Primary education is compulsory(义务教育) in Britain. It begins at five in Great Britain and four in Northern Ireland. All children have to attend primary school and they finish their primary education at the age of 11. In addition to the many state primary schools(公立小学) which do not ask their pupils to pay fees, there are also some fee-paying independent primary schools (收费的私立小学). The most famous fee-paying primary schools are the preparatory schools which admit children from seven-plus to 11,12 or 13 years old.初等教育在英国是义务教育，大不列颠是从5岁开始，北爱尔兰是4岁。所有的孩子必须参加初等教育，并在11岁完成。除了许多国家公立小学不向学生收费外，也有一些收费的私立小学。预备学校学生的年龄通常为7岁以上到11 12 13岁。
2.secondary education 中等教育，中学教育
Secondary education in Britain is also compulsory. All the children must receive secondary education after finishing their primary education at the age of eleven. The secondary school age-range(中学生的年龄段) is from 11-18. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in Great Britain attend comprehensive schools.Secondary schools include comprehensive schools (综合中学), secondary modern schools (现代中学) and grammar schools(文法学校). They are state schools(公立学校)。中等教育在英国也是必须的，所有孩子必须在11岁完成初等教育后接受中等教育。中学生的年龄段从11-18。大不列颠90%左右的国属中等学校学生就读于综合中学。
3.higher education 高等教育，大学教育
There are some 90 universities,including the Open University. Most famous ones are Oxford and Cambridge. There is also the Open University which is “open” to all to become students, mainly adult students. 包括开放大学在内，英国共有90所大学。最著名的是牛津和剑桥。还有开放大学，即向所有未来的学生和成人开放。
2. The Media
paper 报纸
British newspapers can be divided into three kinds:quality newspapers(高质量严肃报纸)， popular newspaper(通俗报纸)， and mid-market newspapers(中间市场报)。
1.Quality newspapers are directed at readers who want full information on a wide range of public matters. There are 5 quality dailies (Financial Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Independent, and The Times) and 4 quality Sundays (Sunday Telegraph, The Independent on Sunday, The Observer, and The Sunday Times).严肃报纸面向那些想全面了解社会事物各方面信息的读者。共有5家严肃日报(《金融时报》、《每日电讯报》、《卫报》、《独立报》、《泰晤士报》)和4家严肃周日报(《星期日电讯报》、《星期日独立报》、《观察家》、《星期日泰晤士报》)
2.Populary newspapers appeal to people wanting news of a more entertaining character, presented more concisely. There are 3 popular dailies (Daily Mirror, Daily Star and The Sun) and 3 popular Sundays(News of the world, Sunday Mirror, and The people).通俗报纸吸引那些需要娱乐性较强而又简单明了的新闻的人们。共有3家通俗日报(《每日镜报》、《晨星报》、《太阳报》)和3家通俗周日报(《世界新闻报》、《星期日镜报》、《人民报》)
The BBC(the British Broadcasting Corporation英国广播公司) and its programs
BBC is the largest and dominant broadcasting corporation in Britain. BBC World Service broadcasts international news worldwide in 38 other languages. The BBC is state-run(国营)and it is financed from the sales of television licences(出售电视收视证).BBC是英国最大的和独立的广播公司。BBC国际广播电台用英语和其他38种语言播放全球范围的国际新闻。国营的BBC的资金来源于收视许可证的销售。
BBC Network Radio serves(广播网) an audience of 30 million a week in Britain, broadcasting around 38,000 hours of programmes each year on its 5 networks.BBC广播网在英国每周就有3千万听众，每年在5个广播网上播送节目约38000个小时。.
Sports体育运动
1. Many international sports were introduced by the British who take their leisure time very seriously. There is widespread participation in sport in Britain.
英国人很重视休闲时光，许多国际体育项目是由他们推广开来的，在英国，人们广泛参与体育活动。
2. Football ( or “soccer” as it is colloquially called ), the most popular sport in England as well as in Europe, has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.
足球(口语叫”soccer”),在英格兰和欧洲是最受欢迎的运动，其传统老家在英格兰，在19世纪得到发展。
3. The game “Rugby” was invented at Rugby School in Warwich shire in the early 19th century.
英式橄榄球(又称拉格比足球)于19世纪初发明于沃尔威克郡的拉格比学校，因此而得名。
4. Cricket, the most typically English of sports, has been in existence since the 16th century. On an international level, 5-day Cornhill Test Matches.
板球，是英国人最典型的体育运动，自从16世纪以来已存在。国际比赛是为期5天的康希尔决赛。
5. Although tennis has been played for centuries, the modern game originated in England in late 19th. The main tournament is the annual Wimbledon fortnight, one of the 4 tennis “Grand Slam” tournaments.
尽管网球已打了好几个世纪，但现代比赛却起源于19世纪末的英格兰。主要比赛是一年一度的温布尔登两周赛，这是四大满贯网球锦标赛之一。
6. There is a considerable following and participation of athletics in Britain. For example, the London Marathon, which takes place every spring.
英国参加田径的人很多，例如伦敦的马拉松塞，每年春季举行。
7. The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the 17th century and naturally the oldest golf club in the world is there: The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. The most important national event is the Open Championship with the Walker Cup for amateurs and the Ryder Cup for professionals.
高尔夫球的故里是苏格兰，自从17世纪以来这项运动就在那儿盛行。全世界最古老的高尔夫俱乐部也在那里：爱丁堡高尔夫球会员荣誉公司。全国最大的比赛是沃尔克杯业余公开赛和雷德尔杯职业公开赛。
Major forms of art in Britain
1)museums and galleries
The largest and most important is the British Museum最大和最重要的是英国博物馆
2) music
People in Britain are interested in a wide range of music, including classical music(古典音乐), rock and pop misic, Jazz , folk and Light Mucic. In the early 1960s a new pop culture—beat(披头士), emerged in Britain’s Liverpool. It was started by a group of young people called Beatles.
英国人喜欢各种各样的音乐，包括古典音乐，摇滚和流行音乐，爵士乐，民间音乐和轻音乐。20世纪60年代，一种新的流行文化—披头士，出现在英国的利物浦。这是由一群年轻人组成的乐队叫披头士乐队，又称甲壳虫乐队。
2) Drama
Britain is one of the world’s major centres for theatre,and its dramatic tradition is reflected in the excellent quality and range of its theatre.英国是世界上最主要的剧院中心，其戏剧传统从其剧院的质量及范围即可看出。
Arts festivals 艺术节
The most famous is the Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama.It takes place for a period of 3 to 4 weeks between August and September.最著名的是爱丁堡国际音乐戏剧节。该节在八、九月间举行，历时3-4周。
films 电影
In November each year the National Film Theatre hosts the London Film Festival.每年11月国家电影院主办伦敦电影节。
Literature and libraries 文学和图书馆
There are several thousand libraries throughout the country,including the great “copyright”libraries,which are entitled to receive a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom;libraries of other universities and learned institutions and the Public libraries.全国有几千所的图书馆，包括‘版权所有’大图书馆。这些图书馆有权免费得到在英国出版的每一本书的样本，此外还有其他大学、研究所的图书馆和公共图书馆。
