考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记。
在晚上能睡一个好觉的诸多要素中，梦是我们最无法控制的因素。在梦中，我们走进一个毫无逻辑、死人都能说话的世界。一个世纪前，弗洛伊德开创了他革命性的理论，即，梦是我们潜意识里愿望和恐惧伪装的影子。到了20世纪70年代，神经学专家又转而把梦视作"精神上的杂音"--睡梦中神经修复工作的随机性副产品。现在，研究人员怀疑，梦是大脑调节情感的一部分，当大脑"下班"时，梦能调控情绪。一位著名的权威说做梦这些精密的强有力的大脑事件，不仅可以利用，而且还可以有意识的加以控制，以达到有助睡眠和感觉良好的目的。芝加哥医疗中心心理部主任Rosalind Cartwright指出"这是你的梦，你不喜欢它，你可以改变它"。
来自大脑扫描成像的证据支持了这一观点。匹兹堡大学的Eric Nofzinger博士说：人处于快速眼球移动睡眠状态时，会做非常生动的梦，大脑此时也最为活跃，就像人是完全清醒似的。但并不是所有大脑的部位都参与活动；控制感性体系的大脑部位异常活跃，然而控制理性的大脑部位却相对平静。斯坦福大学睡眠研究员William Dement博士说"当我们从令人高兴或沮丧的睡梦中醒后，这些感觉会伴随我们一天"。
睡梦与情感的关联在Cartwright诊所的病人中也有所表现。大多数人在前半夜做噩梦，而快醒时转成好梦，这说明他们在梦中正在努力化解白天所产生的消极情绪。因为，我们清醒时的大脑装满了日常生活的各种事物，我们对白天发生的事并不进行情感意义的思考，只有在梦中，才这样思考。
但这一过程没有必要留给潜意识处理，Cartwright认为一个人可以通过练习来控制反复出现的噩梦。当你一觉醒来，首先弄清梦是什么使你不安。想像你想让它（这种梦）如何结束，下一次再发生时，设法及时醒来以控制梦的进程。实际上，通过大量练习，人们在睡眠中可以学会这样做的。
Cartwright说，一天快结束时，我们根本没有什么理由来关注梦，除非它使我们难以入眠或使我们在恐惧中惊醒。恐怖活动、不稳定的经济和一般意义的不安全感都会增加人们的忧虑。长期受噩梦困扰的人应该去找专家看看。其他人呢，大脑自有办法来处理不好的感受，继续睡眠或做梦吧，第二天早上你感觉更好一点。
31. 研究人员最终认识到梦。
［A］ 可以改变其过程
［B］ 对情感变化很敏感
［C］ 反映了我们内心的愿望和恐惧
［D］ 是神经修复工作随机性的结果
32. 提到limbic system作者是要指出。
［A］ 它在做梦时的作用
［B］ 眼球快速运动时睡眠的机制
［C］ 梦与感性之间的关系
［D］ 它与控制智力和理智大脑部位的区别
33. 白天生成的消极情绪。
［A］ 在潜意识的梦里会加剧
［B］ 会转化成好梦
［C］ 会持续到我们睡着
［D］ 会出现在上半夜的梦中
34. Cartwright看来认为。
［A］ 及时醒来在化解噩梦中很关键
［B］ 回忆噩梦有助于控制它们
［C］ 让梦顺其自然
［D］ 梦并不完全属于潜意识
35. Cartwright对那些有时做噩梦的人建议是。
［A］ 跟往常一样过正常生活
［B］ 寻求专业帮助
［C］ 练习控制意识
［D］ 白天尽量避免焦虑
TEXT 4 Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John Mcwhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. Mcwhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case endings of Old English.
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing," has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. Mcwhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old fashioned to most English speakers. Mr. Mcwhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china." A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
36. According to Mcwhorter, the decline of formal English .
［A］ is inevitable in radical education reforms
［B］ is but all too natural in language development
［C］ has caused the controversy over the counter culture
［D］ brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s
37. The word "talking" (Line 5, Paragraph 3) denotes .
［A］ modesty
［B］ personality
［C］ liveliness
［D］ informality
38. To which of the following statements would Mcwhorter most likely agree?
［A］ Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
［B］ Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
［C］ Nonstandard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
［D］ Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.
39. The description of Russians love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s .
［A］ interest in their language
［B］ appreciation of their efforts
［C］ admiration for their memory
［D］ contempt for their old fashionedness
40. According to the last paragraph, "paper plates" is to "china" as .
［A］ "temporary" is to "permanent"
［B］ "radical" is to "conservative"
［C］ "functional" is to "artistic"
［D］ "humble" is to "noble"
