第二部分 阅读判断
（两篇）
some sleep drugs do more than make you sleep
the united states food and drug administration1 has ordered companies to place strong new warnings on thirteen drugs that treat sleep disorders. it also ordered the makers of the sleeping pills to provide information for patients explaining how to safely use the drugs.
last wednesday, the fda announced that some of these drugs can have unexpected and dangerous effects. these include the risk of life-threatening allergic reactions. they also include rare incidents of strange behavior. these include people cooking food, eating and even driving while asleep. the patients later had no memory of doing these activities while asleep.
last year, a member of the united states conGREss2 said he had a sleep-driving incident. patrick kennedy, a representative from rhode island,3 crashed his car into a security barrier near the building where lawmakers meet. the accident happened in the middle of the night and no one was hurt. mr. kennedy said he had earlier taken a sleep medicine. he said he was also being treated with a stomach sickness drug that can cause sleepiness.
the food and drug administration did not say in its announcement how many cases of sleep-driving it has documented. however, the new york times4 reported last year about people who said they had strange sleep events after taking the drug ambien. some reported sleep-driving and sleep-walking. others said they found evidence after waking in the morning that they had cooked food or eaten in their sleep. but they had no memory of carrying out the activities.
a food and drug administration official says that these serious side effects of sleep disorder drugs appear to be rare. but, he also said there are probably more cases than are reported.5 he said the agency believes the risk of such behaviors could be reduced if people take the drugs as directed and do not drink alcohol while taking the drugs. the food and drug administration has advised drug companies to carry out studies to investigate the problem.
词汇：
disorder n. 障碍；紊乱；疾病
allergic adj. 变应性的，过敏性的
incident n. 偶发事件，小事件
representative n. 代表
crash v. （使）碰撞
lawmaker n. 立法者，制定法律者（尤指立法委员或议员）
sickness n. 疾病；恶心，呕吐
stomach n. 胃
sleepiness n. 昏昏欲睡
document vt. 根据…事实材料制作
注释：
1. united states food and drug administration (fda)：美国食品及药品管理局
2. united states congress：美国国会
3. rhode island：罗得岛（美国州名）
4. new york times：纽约时报
5. but, he also said there are probably more cases than are reported. 不过，他也说道，可能实际病例要比报导的多。 请注意本句中than的用法。than后面连接了一个句子，可是却没有主语，学术界对此有两种说法：一种认为than是关系代词，它本身在从句中作一个句子成分；另一种则认为than仍为连接词，后面省略了句子的适当成分。请看类似的句子：
you spent more money than was intended to be spent. 你花去的钱比预计的多。
（请比较：you spent the money that was intended.）
as the child grows, the jawbones grow also; therefore, there is space for more teeth than
are in the first set. 随着孩子的长大，颌骨也随着长大，因此就有空间供比第
一套还要多的牙齿占用。
练习：
1. there are altogether 13 drugs treating sleep disorders in the united states.
a right b wrong c not mentioned
2. fda considers it the producers’ duty to warn the users of sleeping pills about the serious side effects and to tell them how to use safely.
a right b wrong c not mentioned
3. an allergic reaction to sleeping pills may sometimes cause a user to die.
a right b wrong c not mentioned
4. a stomach sickness drug alone caused patrick kennedy to crash his car into a security barrier.
a right b wrong c not mentioned
5. fda based its order upon a wide investigation of sleep-driving.
a right b wrong c not mentioned
6. sleep-walking is also one of the serious side effects induced by taking sleeping pills.
a right b wrong c not mentioned
7. the appearance of one or another side effect after taking some sleeping pill is unavoidable.
a right b wrong c not mentioned
答案与题解：
1. c 第一段第一句只说fda命令制药公司在13种安眠药上贴上语气坚定的新警告语，但是没有提到这13种是不是包括了美国的所有的安眠药。
2. a 第一段中fda命令制药商贴新警告语并指导病人如何安全用药，自然就认为这是制药商不可推卸的责任。
3. a 第二段第一、二句说到，其中有些药物具有意外的危险作用，包括威胁生命的过敏反应。既然威胁到生命，那有时就可能引起死亡。
4. b 请注意第三段最后一句的was also being treated，尤其是 also，说明他服用安眠药的同时也服用治呕吐的药，故不是单纯后一种药引起他的车祸。
5. c 第四段第一句说，fda没有说它调查了多少昏昏迷迷开车的事例，因此它是否作过大量调查我们并不知道。
6. a 第四段尤其是其中的第三句说到，服用安眠药以后有人昏昏迷迷开车，有人梦游，因此梦游属于的副作用之一。，
7. b 最后一段说到，只要服安眠药时按说明书服用而且不喝酒，危险行为就会减少，因此副作用并不是不可避免。
red meat links to higher risk of breast cancer1
exercise and keeping a healthy weight are two things that doctors say might help women lower their risk of breast cancer.
mothers may reduce their risk if they breastfeed for at least four months. for older women, hormone replacement therapy2 can lower the risk of some other diseases. but it has been found to increase the risk of breast cancer. so women should consider their choices carefully. the same may be said for diet.
new findings show that younger women who eat a lot of red meat have higher rates of breast cancers called hormone-receptor positive.3 the growth is fed by the levels of estrogen or another hormone, progesterone, in the body.
researchers at brigham women’s hospital in boston, massachusetts, reported the findings as part of a health study of nurses. the researchers followed the health of more than 90,000 women from 1991 to 2003. those who ate the most red meat ate more than one and one-half servings a day. a serving was defined as roughly 84 grams. those who ate the least red meat ate less than three servings a week. this is what the study found about breast cancers that were hormone receptor-positive: the women who ate the most red meat were almost two times as likely to get them as the women who ate the least of it.
eunyoung cho, the lead author of the report, says more research is needed to know the reason for the link. but in the past, researchers have suggested that three things may play a part. one is the way meat is cooked or processed. another is the use of growth hormones in cows. and the third is the kind of iron in red meat. the study appears in the archives of internal medicine.
and now we have more to tell you about our subject -- resveratrol. we discussed a study in the united states that found that large amounts of this plant compound helped fat mice live longer. the mice were fed much more resveratrol than people could get from red wine, one of the foods that contains it.
now, scientists in france say resveratrol also improves muscle performance -- again, at least in mice. they were able to run two times as far in laboratory treadmill tests4 as mice normally could. the study at the institute of genetics and molecular and cellular biology5 appeared in the journal cell.
词汇：
breast n 胸；乳房
breastfeed v. 哺乳，喂奶
hormone n. 激素，荷尔蒙
therapy n. 疗法，治疗
receptor n. 接受器，感受器；受体
estrogen n. 雌激素
progesterone n. 黄体酮, 孕酮 (孕激素类药)
serving n. 一份饭菜
process vt. 处理；加工
resveratrol n. 白藜芦醇（抗肿瘤药）
compound n. 混合物；化合物；复合物
treadmill n. （古时罚囚犯踩踏的）踏车；（喻）单调的工作
genetics n. 遗传学
molecular adj. 分子的
cellular adj. 细胞的
cell n. 细胞
注释：
1. breast cancer：乳腺癌
2. replacement therapy：补充疗法，补偿疗法（应用机体天然产物或合成代用品补充机体的形成或缺陷）
3. hormone-receptor positive：激素受体阳性
4. treadmill test：单调乏味的实验
5. institute of genetics and molecular and cellular biology：遗传学、分子生物学及细胞生物学研究所
练习：
1. breastfeeding helps women prevent the development of breast cancer to a certain degree.
a right b wrong c not mentioned
2. estrogen may contribute to the development of breast cancer as much as hormone replacement therapy.
a right b wrong c not mentioned
3. the amount of red meat a woman eats is directly proportional to the probability of breast cancer.
a right b wrong c not mentioned
4. the way red meat is prepared has much to do with the probability of breast cancer.
a right b wrong c not mentioned
5. any kind of iron in the food is a contributor to the development of breast cancer.
a right b wrong c not mentioned
6. resveratrol is the fourth factor recently found that causes a breast cancer to develop.
a right b wrong c not mentioned
7. any kind of wine contains resveratrol.
a right b wrong c not mentioned
答案与题解：
1. a 第二段第一句明确说到喂奶可以减少妇女患乳腺癌的危险性。
2. b 第二段说激素补充疗法会增加患乳腺癌的危险性，而第三段说到雌激素时只说到它是供给身体发育的，并未提到它会触发乳腺癌，两者是不能相提并论的。
3. a 第四段尤其是最后一句已是结论性的话，瘦肉吃的多，患乳腺癌的可能性就大，反之就小，故成正比。
4. a 倒数第三段列出了研究人员过去认为可能吃瘦肉致乳腺癌的三个原因，其中第一个就是瘦肉的烹调方法。
5. b 同样倒数第三段中列出的第三个因素就是瘦肉中所含的铁的种类，言下之意是有些类型的铁致癌，有的就不致癌，因此说所有食物中的铁都致癌显然是错的。
6. b 倒数第二段说到，食用大量白藜芦醇这种植物的混合物老鼠就会长寿，最后一段又说到白藜芦醇能提高肌肉的功能，这些都是正面的、积极的作用，并没有说它能致癌。
7. c 倒数第二段只说红酒中含有白藜芦醇，并没有说其它酒类有还是没有。
第1部分：词汇选项 （第三1～15题，第题1分，共15分）下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。答案一律涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
1 the nursery is bright and cheerful.
a pleasant b clean
c peaceful d large
2 this kind of material was seldom used in building houses during the middle ages.
a never b rarely
c often d only
3 people from many places were drawn to the city by its growing economy.
a fetched b carried
c attracted d pushed
4 the soldier displayed remarkable courage in the battle.
a placed b showed
c pointed d decided
5 how do you account for your absence from the class last thursday?
a explain b examine
c choose d expand
6 about one quarter of the workers in the country are employed in factories
a third b fourth
c tenth d fifteenth
7 she was grateful to him for being so good to her.
a careful b hateful
c beautiful d thankful
8 there are only five minutes left, but the outcome of the match is still in doubt
a result b judgement
c estimation d event
9 he is certain that the dictionary is just what i want.
a sure b angry
c doubtful d worried
10 the last few weeks have been enjoyable
a close b near
c past d several
11 what were the consequences of the decision she had made?
a reasons b results
c causes d bases
12 they didn’t realize how serious the problem was.
a know b forget
c doubt d remember
13 we shall keep the money in a secure place.
a clean b secret
c distant d safe
14 the GREat changes of the city astonished every visitor to that city
a attacked b surprised
c attracted d interested
15 the city has decided to do away with all the old buildings in its center.
a. get rid of b set up
c repair d paint
1 transport is one of the aids to trade. by moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce, transport adds to1 their value. the more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer, the better for trade. when there were no railways, no good roads, no canals, and only small sailing ships, trade was on a small scale2.
transport: 运输
trade: 贸易
第一段是文章的主题段落，概括出文章的大意。找到文章的主题词transport和trade。得出这一结论后就可以将本段其他部分忽略，暂时不许要读。直接进入接下来的几段文章。
aid相当于help，帮助。
2 the great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade. bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between britain and new zealand, for instance. quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business, drawing supplies from, and selling goods to, all parts of the globe. big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes. big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.
第一句是主题句，概括了主题意思。找到主题词great advances made in transport和a big increase in trade即可理解本段的意思，主要是两个主题词之间的关系。
3 transport also prevents waste. much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on4 what is produced locally. foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. transport has raised the standard of living.
重点讲transport的作用。prevent是防止，阻止的意思。第二句、第三句、第四是细节描述，作为论证主题的例子，对答题没有太大意义。最后一句是总结前面的内容，很重要，与本段首句照应。
4 by moving fuel, raw materials, and even power, as, for example, through electric cables, transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. districts and countries can concentrate on5 making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. the cheaper and quicker transport BEComes, the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.
本段首句为主题句，可以通过忽略介词短语简化本句：transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. 在答案中找包含关键词的选项即可，不需要详细阅读文章。
5 commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information. means of communication, like telephones, cables and radio, send information about prices, supplies, and changing conditions in different parts of the world. in this way, advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.
not only … but also …….：不仅……而且……在阅读中遇到这样的短语，重点放在but also后面的内容上。主题词是information，根据主题词选择答案。
练习：
1.paragraph 2___b___
2.paragraph 3___a____
3.paragraph 4___d____
4.paragraph 5___e____
a higher living standard
b importance of transport in trade
c various means of transport
d birth of transport-related industries and trade
e role of information in trade
f public transportation
