第三部分 概括大意与完成句子
i. 题型介绍
本部分为一300词左右的短文，要求应试者根据文章做两部分题：
概括大意：从选项列表中选出指定段落的标题；
完成句子：将所给的四个带空格的句子填写完整，答案从选项中选出。
ii.考查目标：考查应试者抓大意、找细节的能力。
iii.解题技巧
概括大意部分
概括大意题型的实质是给每段文字“命”一个小标题，即确定每段文字的主题思想。
反映作者观点、论点或主旨的这个句子通常叫做主题句。主题句往往体现了每一段或整个文章的主题思想。
要概括出每段的段落大意，就必须先找到每段的主题句。
做题步骤：
1.看文章大标题
2.理清段落中句子之间的相互关系，四种方法找到段落主题句
3.小标题与大标题对照
四种方法找到段落主题句:
★ 段首句为主题句；
heartbeat of america
1. new york -- the statue of liberty, the skyscrapers, the beautiful shops on fifth avenue and the many theaters on broadway. this is america’s cultural capital. it is also her biggest city, with a population of nearly 8 million. in the summer it is hot, hot, hot and in the winter it can be very cold. still there are hundreds of things to do and see all the year round.
2. manhattan is the real center of the city. when people say "new york city," they usually mean manhattan. most of the interesting shops, buildings and museums are here. in addition, manhattan is the scene of new york’s busy night life. in 1605 the first europeans came to manhattan from holland. they bought the island from the native americans for a few glass necklaces worth about $26 today.
3. wall street in manhattan is the financial heart of the usa. it is also the most important banking center in the world. it is a street of "skyscrapers." these are those incredible, high buildings, which americans invented, and built faster and higher than anyone else. perhaps the two most spectacular skyscrapers in new york are the two towers of the new york world trade center. when the SUN sets, their 110 floors shine like pure gold.
financial
money
monetary
banking
capital
fund
4. like every big city, new york has its own traffic system. traffic jams can be terrible. it’s usually quickest to go by subway. the new york subway is easy to use and quite cheap. the subway goes to almost every corner of manhattan. but it is not safe to take the subway late at night BECause in some places you could get robbed. new york buses are also easy to use. you see more if you go by bus. there are more than 30,000 taxis in new york. they are easy to see, because they are bright yellow and carry large taxi signs. taxis do not go outside the city. however, they will go to the airports. in addition to the taxi fare, people give the taxi driver a tip of 15 percent of the fare’s value.
traffic jam
transportation
5. central park is a beautiful GREen oasis in the middle of new york’s concrete desert. it is surprisingly big, with lakes and woods, as well as organized recreation areas. new yorkers love central park, and they use it all the time. in the winter, they go ice-skating, and in the summer roller-skating. they play ball, ride horses and have picnics. they go bicycling and boating. there is even a children’s zoo, with wild birds and animals.
6. along the east side of central park runs fifth avenue, once called "millionaire’s row." in the 19th century, the richest men in america built their magnificent homes here. it is still the most fashionable street in the city, with famous department stores.
7. broadway is the street where you will find new york’s best-known theaters. but away from the bright lights and elegant clothes of broadway are many smaller theaters. their plays are called "off-broad-way" and are often more unusual than the broadway shows. as well as many theaters, new york has a famous opera house. this is the metropolitan, where international stars sing from september until april. carnegie hall is the city’s more popular concert hall. but night life in new york offers more than classical music and theater. there are hundreds of nightclubs where people go to eat and dance.
★ 段尾句是主题句；（finally, in summary, to sum up, in conclusion, at last, hence, thus, therefore, so, as a result, consequently ）
why does food cost so much?
vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. a family should expect to pay more when several "tv dinners" are taken home from the store. these are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables and sometimes desert, all arranged on a metal dish. the dish is put into the oven and heated white the housewife is doing something else. such a convenience costs money. thus, as economists point out: "some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods, which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor’s plant."
thus 信号词
so
therefore
hence
as a result
consequently
transport and trade
transport also prevents waste. much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally. foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. transport has raised the standard of living.
★ 段中一句概括性的句子为主题句，概括全段的中心思想
why does food cost so much?
who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? the economists at first national city bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. these economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. they say that food costs more now because women don’t want to spend much time in the kitchen. women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market.
alaska
in 1896 gold was discovered near the klondike river in canada just across the alaskan border. thousands of americans rushed to the region on their way to klondike; some never returned. alaska was never completely cut off again, although even today transportation is a major problem. there are only two motor routes from the u.s. mainland, and within the state, every town has its own airfield. planes fly passengers, mail and freight to the most distant villages.
★ 段落中无主题句，通过对段落论述的中心或焦点进行提炼。跳出具体细节，从整体上把握段落，概括出全段的大意。
hurricane
did you know that before 1950 hurricanes had no names? they were simply given numbers. the first names were simply alpha, bravo, charlie, etc. but in 1953, female names were given because of the unpredictability factor of the storms. in 1979, realizing the sexist nature of such names, the lists were expanded to include both men and women.
carl sagan
i first met sagan at a meeting of the aaas--- the american association for the advancement of science --- where he took part in a session on the viking mars project. when viking landed on mars in 1976, it was at a site he had helped select. then i interviewed him in washington, d.c. after mariner had sent back spectacular pictures of the martian surface. sagan had acted as a head of one of mariner’s imaging teams. the interview, “close-up photos reveal a turbulent mars.” appeared in popular science in september, 1972.
alaska
the gold that changed life so suddenly for alaska was soon ended, and although many stories about mining camps have become part of american literature, the gold from alaskan earth contributed less to economic progress than the fish from alaskan waters. the fish caught in a single year range in value from $80 million to $90 million. fur-bearing animals are plentiful in the forests and streams, and valuable fur seals inhabit the waters. after fishing, the state’s chief industry is lumber and the production of wood pulp. in recent years, alaska’s single most important resource has become oil. the state also has large deposits of coal, copper, gold and other minerals.
答案特点：
答案特点1：借用段中词
why does food cost so much?
3. but farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. they particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. these include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold. they are among the "middlemen" who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices?
4. of the $1,311 family food bill in 1972, middlemen received $790, which was 33 per cent more than they had received in 1959. it appears that the middlemen’s profit has increased more than farmer’s. but some economists claim that the middleman’s actual profit was very low. according to economists at the first national city bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one per cent. during the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent. by comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices.
5. who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? the economists at first national city bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. these economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. they say that food costs more now because women don’t want to spend much time in the kitchen. women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market.
a. the cost of convenience
b. a surprising answer given by the economists
c. the effect of inflation
d. middlemen’s limited share in the additional profit
e. farmers’ denial of increased profit
f. housewives’ need to find jobs
english and english community
2. a speech community is similar to other kinds of communities. the people who make up the community share a common language. often they live side by side, as they do in a neighborhood, a village, or a city. more often they form a whole country. national boundaries, however, are not always the same as the boundaries of a speech community. a speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live.
community
---a group of people who take part in the same activity
3. we may say that anyone who speaks english belongs to the english speech community. for convenience, we may classify the speakers into two groups: one in which the speakers use english as their native language, the other in which the speakers learn english as a second language for the purpose of education, commerce, and so on.
4. learning a second language extends one’s vision and expands the mind. the history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culture; a knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel. learning english as a second language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire english speech community becomes a part of our heritage.
a. the wide use of english
b. historical account of english and its community
c. the advantages of learning a second language
d. the composition of the english community
e. the threat that english poses to other languages
f. the definition of a speech community
hurricane
1. did you know that before 1950 hurricanes had no names? they were simply given numbers. the first names were simply alpha, bravo, charlie, etc. but in 1953, female names were given because of the unpredictability factor of the storms. in 1979, realizing the sexist nature of such names, the lists were expanded to include both men and women.
name n. v.
naming
2. predicting the path of a hurricane is one of the most difficult tasks for forecasters. it moves at a typical speed of 15mph. but not always. some storms may race along at twice this speed, then suddenly stop and remain in the same location in the ocean for several days. it can be maddening if you live in a coastal area that may be hit.
predict
foretell
forecast
difficulty n.
difficult adj.
a. a short history of naming hurricanes
b. harnessing the hurricane energy
c. difficulty in forecasting the course of a hurricane
d. huge energy stored in a hurricane
e. forecast a hurricane through satellite watching
f. no much difference between hurricane and typhoon
blasts from the past
3. wignall calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. he found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.
a. killing power of ancient volcanic eruptions
b. association of mass extinctions with volcanic eruptions
c. calculation of the killing power of older eruptions
d. a mass extinction
e. volcanic eruptions that caused no mass extinction
f. accounting for the killing power of older eruptions
screen test
5. the researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. the valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.
significant important
a. harm screening may do to a younger woman
b. investigating the effect of screening
c. effects predicted by two different models
d. small risk of inducing cancers from radiation
e. treatment of cancers
f. factors that trigger cancers
transport and trade
3. transport also prevents waste. much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on4 what is produced locally. foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. transport has raised the standard of living.
raise v.
higher adj.
a. higher living standard
b. importance of transport in trade
c. various means of transport
d. birth of transport-related industries and trade
e. role of information in trade
f. public transportation
答案特点3：同义词替换或句子同义改写
intelligence: a changed view
4. two major findings have emerged from these researches. firstly, the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. it is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship. much of the difference in measured intelligence between "privileged" and "disadvantaged" children may be due to the latter’s lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences.
a main results of recent researches
b popular doubt about the new view
c effect of environment on intelligence
d intelligence and achievement
e impact on school education
f a changed view of intelligence
screen test
3. researchers at the polytechnic university of valencia analyzed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. after estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.
analyze
look into
investigate
explore
5. the researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. the valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened. （ screen test ）
a. harm screening may do to a younger woman
b. investigating the effect of screening
c. effects predicted by two different models
d. small risk of inducing cancers from radiation
e. treatment of cancers
f. factors that trigger cancers
earthquake
4. in order to limit the damage and to prevent some of the suffering resulting from earthquakes, scientists are working on ways to enable accurate prediction. special instruments are used to help people record, for example, shaking of the earth. scientists are trying to find methods that will enable them to indicate the exact time, location and size of an earthquake.
a. earthquakes forecast
b. historical records of earthquakes
c. intensity of earthquakes
d. cause of earthquakes
e. indications of earthquakes
f. damaging earthquakes
答案特点4：答案中使用了概括性的词，对全段中心进行概括
注意选项中概括性的词：（ way, use, definition, culture, history, explanation, finding, relationship, type, effect, factor, clue, comparison, significance, benefit, importance, composition, advantage, comment, contrast, measure, action, indication, classification, criticism, effort, feature, discovery, description, difference, association, birth, means, origin, conclusion）
english and english community
4. english serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world which employ it as an international second language. english has been adopted as the language of air traffic, commerce, as well as international diplomacy. moreover, english is the language of the majority of published materials in the world so that education has come to rely heavily on an understanding of english.
serve as 用来……，用做……
work as
use as
a the wide use of english
b historical account of english and its community
c the advantages of learning a second language
d the composition of the english community
e the threat that english poses to other languages
f the definition of a speech community
transport and trade
2. the great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade. bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between britain and new zealand, for instance. quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business, drawing supplies from, and selling goods to, all parts of the globe. big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes. big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.
a higher living standard
b importance of transport in trade
c various means of transport
d birth of transport-related industries and trade
e role of information in trade
f public transportation
screen test
2. but the medical benefits of screening on these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. also, younger women must be given higher doses of x-rays because their breast tissue is denser.
4. the mathematical model recommended by britain’s national radiological protection board （nrpb） predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. the model preferred by the un scientific committee on the effects of atomic radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.
a. harm screening may do to a younger woman
b. investigating the effect of screening
c. effects predicted by two different models
d. small risk of inducing cancers from radiation
e. treatment of cancers
f. factors that trigger cancers
architecture
5. by the middle of the 20th century, modern architecture, which was influenced by new technology and mass production, was dealing with increasingly complex social needs. important characteristics of modern architectural works are expanses of glass and the use of reinforced concrete. advances in elevator technology, air conditioning, and electric lighting have all had important effects.
influence
affect
a. building materials
b. need of greater building varieties in modern life
c. restoration of ancient civilizations
d. evolution in style
e. factors affecting modern architecture
f. a social art
alaska
3. alaska is america’s largest state, but only about 325,000 people live there. according to estimates, 800,000 hectares of its land area are fit for plowing but only about 640,000 hectares are being cultivated.
6. the gold that changed life so suddenly for alaska was soon ended, and although many stories about mining camps have become part of american literature, the gold from alaskan earth contributed less to economic progress than the fish from alaskan waters. the fish caught in a single year range in value from $80 million to $90 million. fur-bearing animals are plentiful in the forests and streams, and valuable fur seals inhabit the waters. after fishing, the state’s chief industry is lumber and the production of wood pulp. in recent years, alaska’s single most important resource has become oil. the state also has large deposits of coal, copper, gold and other minerals.
a. rich resources of the state
b. connections with the outside world
c. transportation problem
d. the natives of the land
e. cold climate
f. land and population
课堂练习：
optimists really do live longer, say scientists
optimist：乐观者
pessimist：悲观者
1. for the philosopher arthur schopenhauer optimism was fundamentally wrong, banal and corrupting, while the father of psychoanalysis sigmund freud simply declared it to be neurotic.
2. experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset as being beneficial to health. in other words, optimists live longer.
3. that was the conclusion reached by experts at the mayo clinic in the u.s. state of minnesota who evaluated answers given by people to a set of questions in the 1960s. of the 729 candidates, 200 had died and according to scientists, there were a disproportionate number of pessimists among them.
4. ten points more on the pessimism scale --- that was the difference between "slightly pessimistic" and "averagely pessimistic" ---- were enough to boost a person’s chances of dying by 19 percent, according to the study by prominent psychologist martin seligman of the university of pennsylvania.
5. the study does not say why pessimists die but an older survey taken among children in san franCISCO and los angeles makes it clear that personal attitude towards the world is a key factor in the longevity equation.
6. the latest evidence to support the theory that optimists tend to cope better with illness of all kinds has been provided by professor ralf schwarzer of berlin’s free university who questioned 600 heart and lung patients. his conclusion: optimists recover more swiftly from operations than their pessimistic counterparts, tend to be happier after treatment and return to work more swiftly.
7. there have been suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health. numerous surveys have taken into account a person’s state of health at the outset and the effect remains the same.
8. studies have shown that optimists do not blind themselves to reality either. they thus interpret it in a positive way. "sublimating and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light," said californian psychology professor shelley taylor.
9. german science journal "bild der wissenschaft", which carries a major article on the topic in its current march issue, commented on "the right attitude" to having a tumor.
10. it seems psychotherapy can go some way towards extending the life span and life quality of a sick person although a complete recovery using psychological technique alone is unlikely.
11. doctors like, however, to point out the example of u.s. cycling professional lance armstrong, who was seriously ill with cancer, but whose unshakeable optimism helped him to take the top trophy twice at cycling’s premier tour de france.
12. the magazine also quoted a study by sheldon cohens of the carnegie-mellon-university in pittsburgh: 420 volunteers were deliberately infected with strains of various common cold viruses. a day later checks were carried out to see who had caught a cold.
13. the results showed that in the case of people who had satisfactory, long-tem relations with friends, neighbors or colleagues, the virus was less likely to trigger a cold. of people with three or fewer firm relationships 62 percent became ill compared with only 35 percent of those who had six or more close human links.
1. paragraph 2 ______.
【答疑编号11030501】
答案：b
2. paragraph 6 ______.
【答疑编号11030502】
答案：a
3. paragraph 7 ______.
【答疑编号11030503】
答案：c
4. paragraph 8 ______.
【答疑编号11030504】
答案：d
a. quicker recovery from illness.
b. a longer life for optimists.
c. relationship between good health and optimism.
d. a positive way of understanding reality
e. optimism and pessimism.
f. optimists with illusions.
the making of a success story
retailer：零售商
wholesaler：批发商
1. ikea is the world’s largest furniture retailer, and the man behind it is ingvar kamprad, one of the world’s most successful entrepreneurs. born in sweden in 1926, kamprad was a natural businessman. as a child, he enjoyed selling things and made small profits from selling matches, seeds, and pencils in his community. when kamprad was 17, his father gave him some money as a reward for his good grades. naturally he used it to start up a business - ikea.
2. ikea’s name comes from kamprad’s initials （i.k.） and the place where he grew up （‘e’ and‘a’）. today ikea is known for its modern, minimalist furniture, but it was not a furniture company in the beginning. rather, ikea sold all kinds of miscellaneous goods. kamprad’s wares included anything that he could sell for profits at discounted prices, including watches, pens and stockings.
come from：源自，来自
in the beginning：起初
origin
3. ikea first began to sell furniture through a mail-order catalogue in 1947. the furniture was all designed and made by manufacturers near kamprad’s home. initial sales were very encouraging, so kamprad expanded the product line. furniture was such a successful aspect of the business that ikea became solely a furniture company in 1951.
4. in 1953 ikea opened its first showroom in almhult, sweden. ikea is known today for its spacious stores with furniture in attractive settings, but in the early 1950s, people ordered from catalogues. thus response to the first showroom was overwhelming: people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it. this led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive. by 1955, ikea was designing all its own furniture.
5. in 1956 kamprad saw a man disassembling a table to make it easier to transport. kamprad was inspired. the man had given him a great idea: flat packaging. flat packaging would mean lower shipping costs for ikea and lower prices for customers. ikea tried it and sales soared. the problem was that people had to assemble furniture themselves, but over time, even this grew into an advantage for ikea. nowadays, ikea is often seen as having connotations of self-sufficiency. this image has done wonders for the company, leading to better sales and continued expansion.
assemble：装配，集合
disassemble：解开，分解
6. today there are over 200 stores in 32 countries. amazingly, ingvar kamprad has managed to keep ikea a privately-held company. in 2004 he was named the world’s richest man. he currently lives in switzerland and is retied from the day-to-day operations of ikea. ikea itself, though, just keeps on growing.
练习：
1. paragraph 2 ______.
【答疑编号11030505】
答案：c
2. paragraph 3 ______.
【答疑编号11030506】
答案：d
3. paragraph 4 ______.
【答疑编号11030507】
答案：b
4. paragraph 5 ______.
【答疑编号11030508】
答案：e
a. ingvar kamprad - a born businessman
b. success brought by the introduction of showrooms
c. the origin of ikea
d. specialization in selling furniture
e. flat packaging - a feature of ikea
f. world-wide expansion of ikea
is there a way to keep the britain’s economy growing?
1. in today’s knowledge economy, nations survive on the things they do best. japanese design electronics while germens export engineering techniques. the french serve the best food and americans make computers.
2. britain specializes in the gift of talking. the nation doesn’t manufacture much of anything. but it has lawyers, stylists and business consultants who earn their living from talk, talk and more talk. the world foundation think tank says the uk’s four iconic jobs today are not scientists, engineers, teachers and nurses. instead, they’re hairdressers, celebrities, management consultants and managers. but can all this talking keep the british economy going? the british government thinks it can.
special：特殊的，专门的
specialize in：擅长于，专攻
specialization：特殊化，专门
gift：才能
talent：才能
3. although the country’s trade deficit was more than ￡ 60 billion in 2006, uk’s largest in the postwar period, officials say the country has nothing to worry about. in fact, britain does have a world-class pharmaceutical industry, and it still makes a small sum from selling arms abroad. it also trades services - accountancy, insurance, banking and advertising. the government believes britain is on the cutting edge of the knowledge economy. after all, the country of shakespeare and wordsworth has a literary tradition of which to be proud. rock‘n’ roll is an english language medium, and there are billions to be made by their cutting-edge bands. in other words, the creative economy has plenty of strength to carry the british economy.
strong：强壮的
strength：实力
4. however, creative industries account for only about 4 percent of uk’s exports of goods and services. the industries are finding it hard to make a profit, according to a report of the national endowment for science, technology and the arts. the report shows only 38 percent of british companies were engaged in "innovation activities", 3 percentage points below the eu average and well below germany （61 percent） and sweden （47 percent）.
5. in fact, it might be better to call britain a "servant" economy - there are at least 4 million people "in service". the majority of the population are employed by the rich to cook, clean, and take care of their children. many graduates are even doing menial jobs for which they do not need a degree. most employment growth has been, and will continue to be, at the low-skill end of the service sector - in shops, bars, hotels, domestic service and in nursing and care homes.
练习：
1. paragraph 2 ______.
【答疑编号11030509】
答案：f
2. paragraph 3 ______.
【答疑编号11030510】
答案：d
3. paragraph 4 ______.
【答疑编号11030511】
答案：e
4. paragraph 5______.
【答疑编号11030512】
答案：c
a. export of talking machines
b. growth of economy
c. "servant" economy
d. strength of the creative economy
e. weakness of the creative economy
f. gift of talking
the tiniest electric motor in the world
tiny：very small微小的
1. scientists recently made public the tiniest electric motor ever built. you could stuff hundreds of them into the period at the end of this sentence. one day a similar engine might power a tiny mechanical doctor that would travel through your body to remove your disease.
make public：公布
2. the motor works by shuffling atoms between two molten metal droplets in a carbon nanotube. one droplet is even smaller than the other. when a small electric current is applied to the droplets, atoms slowly get out of the larger droplet and join the smaller one. the small droplet grows - but never gets as big as the other droplet - and eventually bumps into the large droplet. as they touch, the large droplet rapidly sops up the atoms it had previously lost. this quick shift in energy produces a power stroke.
3. the technique exploits the fact that surface tension -- the tendency of atoms or molecules to resist separating -- becomes more important at small scales. surface tension is the same thing that allows some insects to walk on water.
4. although the amount of energy produced is small -- 20 microwatts -- it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor. the whole setup is less than 200 nanometers on a side, or hundreds of times smaller than the width of a human hair. if it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine, it would be 100 million times more powerful than a toyota camry’s 225 horsepower v6 engine.
that is，i, e，or … 即
5. in 1988, professor richard muller and colleagues made the first operating micromotor, which was 100 microns across, or about the thickness of a human hair. in 2003, zettl’s group created the first nanoscale motor. in 2006, they built a nanoconveyor, which moves tiny particles along like cars in a factory.
6. nanotechnology engineers try to mimic nature, building things atom-by-atom. among other things, nanomotors could be used in optical circuits to redirect light, a process called optical switching. futurists envision a day when nanomachines, powered by nanomotors, travel inside your body to find disease and repair damaged cells.
使用，应用，利用：
use
apply
utilize
harness
练习：
1. paragraph 2 ________
【答疑编号11030601】
答案：e
2. paragraph 4 ________
【答疑编号11030602】
答案：b
3. paragraph 5 ________
【答疑编号11030603】
答案：d
4. paragraph 6 ________
【答疑编号11030604】
答案：f
干扰选项：
1.没有展开的选项
2.偏、反
a. an introduction of a toyota’s 225 horsepower v6 engine.
b. a description of the nanomotor in terms of power and size.
c. surface tension.
d. previous inventions of nanoscale products.
e. the working principle of the nanomotor.
f. possible fields of application in the future.
napping to a healthier heart?
researchers say they have developed a simple test that can tell if a person with heart disease is likely to suffer a heart attack. the test measures levels of a protein in the blood. the researchers say people with high levels of this protein are at high risk of heart attack, heart failure or stroke.
kirsten bibbins-domingo of the university of california in san francisco led the team. for about four years, they studied almost one thousand patients with heart disease. the researchers tested the heart disease patients for a protein called nt-probnp. patients with the highest levels were nearly eight times more likely than those with the lowest levels to have a hear t attack, heart failure or stroke.
the researchers say the presence of high levels of the protein in the blood shows that the heart muscle is under pressure in some way. the study involved mostly men, so the researchers could not say for sure that the results are also true for women. they say the patients with the highest levels of nt-probnp were older and had other problems like diabetes or high blood pressure.
other researchers say more studies are needed to confirm if knowing the protein levels of a heart patient should affect that person’s treatment. they also would like to know if more aggressive treatment could reduce the patient’s chance of a heart attack or stroke. the study appeared in the journal of the american medical association.
could a little sleep during the middle of the day reduce the risk of a heart attack? an unrelated study earlier this month in the archives of internal medicine suggests that the answer may be yes. in countries like the united states, afternoon naps are mostly for children. but they are common for adults in mediterranean countries. and these countries generally have lower rates of heart disease. so scientists in the united states and greece wondered if naps could play a part. twenty-three thousand healthy adults took part in the study by harvard university and the university of athens. those who took thirty-minute naps three times a week had a thirty-seven percent lower risk of death from heart problems than people who did not take naps.
the researchers say napping may improve heart health by reducing stress. they say the research suggests that naps are especially good for working men. but they say not enough female subjects died during the study to judge the benefits for women.
stress：压力
pressure：压力
练习：
1. paragraph 2 ________
【答疑编号11030605】
答案：f
2. paragraph 3 ________
【答疑编号11030606】
答案：b
3. paragraph 5 ________
【答疑编号11030607】
答案：d
4. paragraph 6 ________
【答疑编号11030608】
答案：a
a. effects of napping in females still uncertain
b. older males have higher levels of nt-probnp
c. development of a simple but important test
d. evidence of positive relationship between napping and heart disease
e. how to control the levels of nt-probnp
f. effects of nt-probnp on heart disease
完成句子部分
解题技巧：
●找出题目中的特征词（专有名词、数字、数词、年代、名词/名词短语、形容词、副词），确定题目在文章中的位置
●对比题目与文章中相关句，并根据题目中的其他信息确定正确答案
●做题时，充分利用一些基本的语法知识辅助判断
●注意题目的顺序与文章的顺序一致
举例：
english and english community
3. we may say that anyone who speaks english belongs to the english speech community. for convenience, we may classify the speakers into two groups: one in which the speakers use english as their native language, the other in which the speakers learn english as a second language for the purpose of education, commerce, and so on.
4. english serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world which employ it as an international second language. english has been adopted as the language of air traffic, commerce, as well as international diplomacy. moreover, english is the language of the majority of published materials in the world so that education has come to rely heavily on an understanding of english.
练习：
1. only through the shared language _______.
【答疑编号11030701】
答案：b
can you speak english?
only, so, nor, not, never, no
2. the idea of the national boundaries is often different from _______.
【答疑编号11030702】
答案：a
from
in
on
into
with
3. speakers are classified into two groups _______.
【答疑编号11030703】
答案：d
4. an understanding of english _______.
【答疑编号11030704】
答案：e
a. that of a speech community
b. can a speech community be formed
c. in order to learn english better
d. for the sake of simplicity
e. has played an important role in the field of education
f. is widely used in several areas of public activity
the making of a success story
1. ikea is the world’s largest furniture retailer, and the man behind it is ingvar kamprad, one of the world’s most successful entrepreneurs. born in sweden in 1926, kamprad was a natural businessman. （5）as a child, he enjoyed selling things and made small profits from selling matches, seeds, and pencils in his community. when kamprad was 17, his father gave him some money as a reward for his good grades. naturally he used it to start up a business - ikea.
2. ikea’s name comes from kamprad’s initials （i.k.） and the place where he grew up （‘e’ and‘a’）. （6）today ikea is known for its modem, minimalist furniture, but it was not a furniture company in the beginning. rather, ikea sold all kinds of miscellaneous goods. kamprad’s wares included anything that he could sell for profits at discounted prices, including watches, pens and stockings.
other
3. ikea first began to sell furniture through a mail-order catalogue in 1947. the furniture was all designed and made by manufacturers near kamprad’s home. initial sales were very encouraging, so kamprad expanded the product line. furniture was such a successful aspect of the business that ikea became solely a furniture company in 1951.
4. in 1953 ikea opend its first showroom in almhult, sweden. ikea is known today for its spacious stores with furniture in attractive settings, but in the early 1950s, people ordered from catalogues. （7）thus response to the first showroom was overwhelming: people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it. this led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive. by 1955, ikea was designing all its own furniture.
5. in 1956 kamprad saw a man disassembling a table to make it easier to transport. kamprad was inspired. the mart had given him a great idea: flat packaging. （8）flat packaging would mean lower shipping costs for ikea and lower prices for customers. ikea tried it and sales soared. the problem was that people had to assemble furniture themselves, but over time, even this grew into an advantage for ikea. nowadays, ikea is often seen as having connotations of self-sufficiency. this image has done wonders for the company, leading to better sales and continued expansion.
6. today there are over 200 stores in 32 countries. amazingly, ingvar kamprad has managed to keep ikea a privately-held company. in 2004 he was named the world’s richest man. he currently lives in switzerland and is retied from the day-to-day operations of ikea. ikea itself, though, just keeps on growing.
练习：
5. even when he was only a child, _______.
【答疑编号11030705】
答案：c
6. _______, and years later became a big company specialized in manufacturing and selling of furniture.
【答疑编号11030706】
答案：a
7. customers liked the idea of ikea’s showrooms because _______.
【答疑编号11030707】
答案：e
8. as flat packaging saves money for both ikea and the customers, _______.
【答疑编号11030708】
答案：b
a. ikea began as a small store selling all kinds of cheap things
b. it is highly welcomed by both
c. ingvar kamprad showed interest in and talent for doing business
d. he lives happily in retirement
e. here they can see and try the furniture they are going to buy.
f. ingvar successfully manages the company all by himself.
is there a way to keep the britain’s economy growing?
1. （5）in today’s knowledge economy, nations survive on the things they do best. japanese design electronics while germens export engineering techniques. the french serve the best food and americans make computers.
2. britain specializes in the gift of talking. the nation doesn’t manufacture much of anything. but it has lawyers, stylists and business consultants who earn their living from talk, talk and more talk. the world foundation think tank says the uk’s four iconic jobs today are not scientists, engineers, teachers and nurses. instead, they’re hairdressers, celebrities, management consultants and managers. （6）but can all this talking keep the british economy going? the british government thinks it can.
3. although the country’s trade deficit was more than ￡ 60 billion in 2006, uk’s largest in the postwar period, officials say the country has nothing to worry about. in fact, britain does have a world-class pharmaceutical industry, and it still makes a small sum from selling arms abroad. it also trades services - accountancy, insurance, banking and advertising. the government believes britain is on the cutting edge of the knowledge economy. after all, the country of shakespeare and wordsworth has a literary tradition of which to be proud. rock‘n’ roll is an english language medium, and there are billions to be made by their cutting-edge bands. in other words, the creative economy has plenty of strength to carry the british economy.
4. however, creative industries account for only about 4 percent of uk’s exports of goods and services. （7）the industries are finding it hard to make a profit, according to a report of the national endowment for science, technology and the arts. the report shows only 38 percent of british companies were engaged in "innovation activities", 3 percentage points below the eu average and well below germany （61 percent） and sweden （47 percent）.
5. in fact, it might be better to call britain a "servant" economy - there are at least 4 million people "in service". the majority of the population are employed by the rich to cook, clean, and take care of their children. （8）many graduates are even doing menial jobs for which they do not need a degree. most employment growth has been, and will continue to be, at the low-skill end of the service sector - in shops, bars, hotels, domestic service and in nursing and care homes.
练习：
5. every country has its own way _______.
【答疑编号11030801】
答案：c
6. the british government doesn’t seem _______.
【答疑编号11030802】
答案：f
7. the creative industries find it difficult _______.
【答疑编号11030803】
答案：e
8. many graduates are employed _______.
【答疑编号11030804】
答案：b
a. to find jobs
b. to do low-skill jobs
c. to feed its people
d. to handle disputes
e. to make a profit
f. to worry about the british economy
feed
support
the tiniest electric motor in the world
1. scientists recently made public the tiniest electric motor ever built. you could stuff hundreds of them into the period at the end of this sentence. one day a similar engine might power a tiny mechanical doctor that would travel through your body to remove your disease.
2. the motor works by shuffling atoms between two molten metal droplets in a carbon nanotube. one droplet is even smaller than the other. （8）when a small electric current is applied to the droplets, atoms slowly get out of the larger droplet and join the smaller one. the small droplet grows - but never gets as big as the other droplet - and eventually bumps into the large droplet. as they touch, the large droplet rapidly sops up the atoms it had previously lost. this quick shift in energy produces a power stroke.
3.（6）the technique exploits the fact that surface tension -- the tendency of atoms or molecules to resist separating -- becomes more important at small scales. surface tension is the same thing that allows some insects to walk on water.
4. although the amount of energy produced is small -- 20 microwatts -- it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor. the whole setup is less than 200 nanometers on a side, or hundreds of times smaller than the width of a human hair. if it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine, it would be 100 million times more powerful than a toyota camry’s 225 horsepower v6 engine.
5. in 1988, professor richard muller and colleagues made the first operating micromotor, which was 100 microns across, or about the thickness of a human hair. in 2003, zettl’s group created the first nanoscale motor.（7） in 2006, they built a nanoconveyor, which moves tiny particles along like cars in a factory.
6. nanotechnology engineers try to mimic nature, building things atom-by-atom. among other things, nanomotors could be used in optical circuits to redirect light, a process called optical switching. （5） futurists envision a day when nanomachines, powered by nanomotors, travel inside your body to find disease and repair damaged cells.
练习：
5. doctors envision that the nanomotor would travel through human bodies to _______.
【答疑编号11030805】
答案：a
6. surface tension means the tendency of atoms or molecules to _______.
【答疑编号11030806】
答案：b
7. nanoconveyors could be used to _______.
【答疑编号11030807】
答案：f
8. applying a small electric current causes atoms to _______.
【答疑编号11030808】
答案：c
a. remove disease
b. resist separating
c. shuffle between two molten metal droplets
d. power nanomachines
e. set up molecules from the large droplet
f. transport nanoscale objects
napping to a healthier heart?
researchers say they have developed a simple test that can tell if a person with heart disease is likely to suffer a heart attack. （5）the test measures levels of a protein in the blood. the researchers say people with high levels of this protein are at high risk of heart attack, heart failure or stroke.
kirsten bibbins-domingo of the university of california in san francisco led the team. for about four years, they studied almost one thousand patients with heart disease. （5）the researchers tested the heart disease patients for a protein called nt-probnp. patients with the highest levels were nearly eight times more likely than those with the lowest levels to have a heart attack, heart failure or stroke.
（6）the researchers say the presence of high levels of the protein in the blood shows that the heart muscle is under pressure in some way. the study involved mostly men, so the researchers could not say for sure that the results are also true for women. they say the patients with the highest levels of nt-probnp were older and had other problems like diabetes or high blood pressure.
other researchers say more studies are needed to confirm if knowing the protein levels of a heart patient should affect that person’s treatment. they also would like to know if more aggressive treatment could reduce the patient’s chance of a heart attack or stroke. the study appeared in the journal of the american medical association.
could a little sleep during the middle of the day reduce the risk of a heart attack? an unrelated study earlier this month in the archives of internal medicine suggests that the answer may be yes. （7）in countries like the united states, afternoon naps are mostly for children. but they are common for adults in mediterranean countries. and these countries generally have lower rates of heart disease. so scientists in the united states and greece wondered if naps could play a part. twenty-three thousand healthy adults took part in the study by harvard university and the university of athens.
those who took thirty-minute naps three times a week had a thirty-seven percent lower risk of death from heart problems than people who did not take naps. the researchers say napping may improve heart health by reducing stress. they say the research suggests that naps are especially good for working men. （8）but they say not enough female subjects died during the study to judge the benefits for women.
练习：
5. according to some researchers, by measuring the levels of nt-probnp in the blood people may know _______.
【答疑编号11030809】
答案：b
6. if a person has a high level of nt-probnp _______.
【答疑编号11030810】
答案：e
7. people who take regular afternoon naps _______.
【答疑编号11030811】
答案：c
8. so far there have not been definite data to confirm _______.
【答疑编号11030812】
答案：f
a. where fewer people die from heart problem.
b. whether they have the risk of heart attack, heart failure or stroke.
c. would probably have lower rates of heart disease.
d. how to test a person’s nt-probnp level in the blood by himself.
e. his heart muscle would be under pressure in some way.
f. that napping is of great benefit to women too.
总结：
1.完成句子最重要的是回到文章定位
2.定位以后和选项进行对比
even intelligent people can fai1
1. the striking thing about the innovators who succeeded in making our modern world is how often they failed. turn on a light, take a photograph, watch tv，search the web, jet across the pacific ocean, talk on a cell phone. the innovators who left us these things had to find the way to success through a maze of wrong turns.
2. we have just celebrated the 125th anniversary of american innovator thomas edison’s success in heating a thin line to white-hot heat for l4 hours in his lab in new jersey, us. he did that on october 22, l879, and followed up a month later by keeping a thread of common cardboard alight in an airless space for 45 hours. three years later he went on to light up half a square mile of downtown manhattan, even though only one of the six power plants in his design worked when he tuned it on, on september 4, 1882.
3. "many of life’s failures," the supreme innovator said, "are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up." before that magical moment in october 1879, edison had worked out no fewer than 3,000 theories about electric light, but in only two cases did his experiments work.
4. no one likes failure, but the smart innovators learn from it. mark gumz, the head of the camera maker olympus america inc, attributes some of the company’s successes in technology to understanding failure. his popular phrase is: "you only fail when you quit."
5. over two centuries, the most common quality of the innovators has been persistence. that is another way of saying they had the emotiona1 ability to keep up what they were doing. walt disney, the founder of disneyland, was so broke after a succession of financial failures that he was left shoeless in his Office because he could not afford the us $l .50 to get his shoes from the repair shop. pioneering car maker henry ford failed with one company and was forced out of another before he developed the model t car.
6. failure is harder to bear in today’s open, accelerated world. hard1y any innovation works the first time. but an impatient society and the media want instant success. when american music and movie master david geffen had a difficult time, a critic said nastily that the only difference between geffen records （geffen’s company） and the titanic （the ship that went down） was that the titanic had better music. actually, it wasn’t. after four years of losses, geffen had so many hits he could afford a ship as big as the titanic all to himself.
bright
clever
intelligent
instant
immediate
23 paragraph 2 _______c_________
【答疑编号11030901】
24 paragraph 3 _______d__________
【答疑编号11030902】
25 paragraph 4________a__________
【答疑编号11030903】
26 paragraph 5________b_________
【答疑编号11030904】
a. importance of learning from failure
b. quality shared by most innovators
c. edison’s innovation
d. edison’s comment on failure
e. contributions made by innovators
f. miseries endured by innovators
27 people often didn’t realize how close they were to success when d
【答疑编号11030905】
28 before henry ford eventually developed the mode t car c
【答疑编号11030906】
29 walt disney was once so poor that b
【答疑编号11030907】
30 the media demand that e
【答疑编号11030908】
a. he developed 3,000 theories
b. he couldn’t afford to buy a pair of shoes
c. he found himself an unsuccessful man
d. they quitted
e. an innovation should work immediately
f. failure is the mother of success
give up
quit
drop
abandon throw away
o6年综合a、b试题：
60th anniversary ceremony in moscow
ceremony anniversary
1. with thousands of soldiers and war veterans parading across moscow’s red square and fighter jets screaming overhead, russia celebrated the 60th anniversary of defeating nazi germany. more than 50 world leaders, including china’s president hu jintao, attended the ceremony.
2. speaking at the start of the parade, russia’s president vladimir putin praised all those who fought for freedom and independence. "the war shows that resorting to force to solve problems will result in tragedy for the world, so a peaceful order should be safeguarded （护卫） based on security, justice and cultural exchange," putin said. "faced with the real threat of terrorism today, we must remain faithful to the memory of our fathers. it is our duty to defend a world order based on security and justice and on a new culture of relations among nations that will not allow a repeat of any war, neither ’cold’ nor ’hot’," he continued.
3. the second world war is perhaps the most catastrophic （灾难性的） event that mankind has ever suffered. the war affected 80 per cent of the world’s people at that time, from 61 countries, and claimed 55 million lives.
disaster
catastrophe
4. after the celebration, president hu said that peace, development and cooperation were the future. "china will unswervingly （坚定地） follow the road of peace and development and will make a joint effort with all nations to contribute to safeguarding world peace and promoting development," he said.
5. german chancellor gerhard schroeder asked russia for forgiveness for the suffering germany inflicted （造成） during the second world war in an article in sunday’s komsomolskaya pravda newspaper. "today we ask forgiveness for the suffering inflicted upon the russian people and other peoples at the hands of germans and in the name of germans," schroeder said.
6. president hu and the other leaders also joined a wreath （花圈） laying ceremony at the tomb of the unknown soldiers on monday.
23 paragraph 2 c
【答疑编号11030909】
24 paragraph 3 f
【答疑编号11030910】
25 paragraph 4 d
【答疑编号11030911】
26 paragraph 5 e
【答疑编号11030912】
a. pacific war
b. gloomy world
c. putin’s commemorating speech
d. china’s determination
e. schroeder’s plea for forgiveness
f. world’s worst disaster
27 russia celebrated d .
【答疑编号11030913】
28 world war two deprived f .
【答疑编号11030914】
29 china pledges herself to follow e .
【答疑编号11030915】
30 the world leaders finally attended c .
【答疑编号11030916】
a. an opening ceremony
b. 61 countries
c. a wreath laying ceremony
d. the 60th anniversary of its victory over nazi germany
e. the road of peace and development
f. 55 million people of their lives
