情态动词是表示有能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气或情态等的词类。所表示的情态包括命令、请求、愿望、拒绝、可能、需要、敢于等。情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不完全，不能单独作谓语，只能和不带to的动词不定式（ought等除外）一起构成复合谓语。
情态动词有：can/could, may/might, shall/should, ought/ought, will/would, must/must、 need/needed, dare/dared, have(has) to/had to, used to等。
三级统考中，重点不是考试情态动词 原形动词，重点是考试下面四种比较复杂结构：
1．must have done 表示对过去的动作比较有把握的猜测。
如the road is wet.it must have rained last night.地是湿的，昨晚一定是下雨了。
另外，may have done 也表示对过去事实的猜测，但可能性比较小。
如he isn’t here yet.he may have forgotten about the meeting.他还没来，可能是忘了这次会议了。
2．should (not) have done / ought (not) have done 表示过去应当做的动作由于某种原因没有做到，含有责备之意，其中should (not) have done语气较重一些。
如：
you should have got up earlier.你本来应该早起的。
she ought to have seen a doctor about her headache a week ago.她本应一周前去看头痛病的。
you shouldn’t have hurt her feelings.你不应该伤害她的感情。
3．would have done 也表示过去没有实现的动作，与should have done 相比，would have done不可以单独使用，必须和虚拟语气中的条件从句连用；再者should have done有批评意味，而would have done没有批评意味。
4．could have done 意为“原本能够”，表示过去存在某种可能性，由于客观条件限制最终没有能够实现，它可以单独使用，也可以和虚拟语气结构中的条件从句使用。
如：
you could have made a more detailed plan，你本可以写出一个更为详尽的计划。
we could have arrived earlier.我们本来能早些到的。
语法：虚拟语气
英语中语气主要有陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三种，虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，表示所说的话不是一个事实，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议、怀疑、猜测或不大可能实现的空想。虚拟语气是语法中最难的一部分，它所表达的动作还没有做，但是动词要用一般过去式.
下面是其几种用法：
1．虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用
虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中，通常从句由if 引导。英语中的条件句分两种：
真实条件句：满足了某个条件就真会有这种情况发生．
如if i have time, i will go.
虚拟条件句：是虚拟假设的．虚拟条件句从时间上又分为三种：
（1）与现在事实相反的假设
条件状语从句构成：if 一般过去时（be动词用were，不用was。）
主句构成：主语＋would/should/could/might 动词原形
如if i were you, i would refuse to go there.如果我是你，我将拒绝去那儿。
（2）与过去事实相反的假设
条件状语从句构成：if 过去完成时have done
主句构成：主语＋would/should/could/might have 过去分词
如if he had come yesterday,i should/would have told him about it.如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。
（3）与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句
条件状语从句构成：一般过去时did
if 主语＋were to do
if 主语＋should do
主句构成：主语＋would/should/could/might 动词原形
如we would stay at home , if it should rain tomorrow.明天要是下雨的话我们就呆在家。
we would stay at home, if the rain were to go on tomorrow.
注意：
（1）如果条件从句中含有助动词、情态动词、be动词或动词to have,可以省略if, 然后倒装（把上述几种动词放在主语之前）。
如should it rain,the crops would be saved.假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。
（2）条件从句可以用介词短语(without、but for)来代替。
如：
we couldn’t have achieved so much without your help.要不是你的帮助，我们是不能取得这样大的成就。（without your help变成从句时相当于if you had not helped us）
but for your help，we couldn’t have achieved so much.（but for 放在句首）
2．虚拟语气在wish后宾语从句中的应用
虚拟语气用在wish（希望）后的宾语从句中，表示不可能实现的愿望（此时常常省去连词that）。
（1）表示与现在事实相反的愿望
构成：主语＋wish(that) 从句主语＋动词过去式
如i wish i knew his address.我希望我知道他在哪儿。
如果动词是be，过去式一律用were,不能用was.
如i wish i were as young as you.我希望我跟你一样年轻。
（2）表示与过去事实相反的愿望
构成：主语＋wish(that) 从句主语＋would /could have(或had) 过去分词
如he wished he hadn’t said that.他希望他没讲过那样的话。
（3）表示将来不大可能实现的愿望
构成：主语＋wish(that) 从句主语＋would/should/could/might 原形动词
如i wish it would rain tomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。
3．虚拟语气在某些动词后的that从句中的应用
suggest（建议）、 propose（建议，提议）、 order（命令）、 command（命令）、 demand（要求，比较庄重的要求）、 recommend（建议，劝告）、 require（要求）、 request（要求）、 insist（坚持）、 desire（渴望）、advise（劝告，通告）、 ask（要求）等表示建议、命令、请求的动词后的宾语从句，要用虚拟语气，谓语动词要should (可省略)＋原形动词。
如：
he insisted that he should be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。
the instructions ask that we not take more than three tables at once.说明上要求一次最多服用三片。
we desire that the tour leader inform us immediately of any change in plans.如果计划有变，我们希望导游立即给以告知。
4．虚拟语气在某些主语从句中的应用
主语从句分为两种：
第一种： it is(was) ＋ 某些动词的过去分词(suggested, requested, ordered, proposed)＋ that＋ 主语＋ should (可省略) ＋ v (动词原形).
如it’s suggested that the meeting not be put off.有人提议不要推迟会议。
第二种： it is(was) ＋ 形容词(important，necessary, urgly, vital ，desirable等) ＋ that＋ 主语＋ should (可省略) ＋ v (动词原形) ， it 还是形式主语。
如it’s preferable that each club member come up with his own solution to
the problem.更好的办法是每个会员都提出自己的解决方法。
在这两种情形中，it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that 从句，这样是为了避免句子显得头重脚轻。
5.虚拟语气在某些表语从句和同位语从句中的应用
与表语从句和同位语从句连用的名词是suggestion, proposal , order, request,
plan, idea , motion, advice时， 从句中的谓语动词用（should） 动词原形。
如：
表语从句the professor’s advice was that peter revise his paper again.教授的建议是让peter再修改一遍他的论文。
同位语从句we are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.我们都赞成你的建议，推迟讨论。
6．虚拟语气在as if和as though引导的方式状语从句中的应用
此时，如果表示对现在的情况有所怀疑，动词用一般过去时；如果表示对过去的情况有怀疑，动词用过去完成时。
如：
he talks as if he knew everything in the world.他以无所不知的口气谈论着。
he looks as if he had been ill.他看起来象是病过一场。
7． 虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的应用
虚拟语气在由lest, for fear that, in case（这三个单词都是“以防，万一”的意
思）引导的目的状语从句中，表示忧虑或者担心。动词的形式是：should v 原形，should 通常不省略，但是在美国英语中可以省略。
如：
she took her raincoat with her lest it should rain.她带上了雨衣以防天下雨。
i wrote it down in case i should forget it.我把它写了下来，免得忘记。
8．虚拟语气在would rather后面的that从句中的应用
would rather宁愿，宁可。它表达的是一种意愿，这个动作尚未发生，动词要用过去式。
如i am too busy these days , i would rather all of you came next month for a dinner .我最近太忙，最好下个月再请你们所有人吧。
9．虚拟语气在it is (high/about) time that。。。句中的应用
it is (high/about) time that…… “该是做……的时候了”。动词要用过去时或用should 动词原形，但should不可省略.
如it is (high) time that we had a rest. 早该休息会儿了.
语法：动词非谓语形式
非谓语动词，就是“不充当句子谓语的动词”，实际上就是动词的几种变换形式：不定式（to do，）、动名词（doing）、分词（done），这三种动词形式在句子中不能充当谓语成分，但是用法很灵活，可以充当其它句子成分。
不定式
不定式的一般式为to do，在句子中除了不能做谓语，可以充当其他任何成分（主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语），具有名词、形容词和副词的特性。
1.充当主语
如 to master a foreign language is not a easy thing. 掌握一门外语并不是一件
容易的事情。
此时还可用先行词it作形式主语，放在句首，将不定式移到谓语之后作实际主语，
即it is not an easy thing to master a foreign language.
2．充当宾语
有些及物动词必须用不定式作宾语，常见的有afford，aim，determine，fail，offer，long，undertake，intend等；有些动词或动词词组可以用“动词 疑问词 不定式”的结构做宾语，常见的有consider，forget，show，wonder等。
如：
he offered to help me.他表示愿意帮助我。
please show us how to do it.请演示给我们如何去做。
3． 充当表语
不定式可以放在be动词后面，作表语。
如her wish is to BECome a film star.他的愿望是成为一名电影明星。
4． 充当定语
当不定式与被修饰词有逻辑上的主谓关系（即被修饰词是不定式动作的发出者）或者
动宾关系（即被修饰词是不定式动作的接受者）时，需要不定式充当定语。此外，某些特定的名词后面常用不定式作定语，这些名词有ability，promise，desire，demand，effort，request，refusal，attempt，chance，way，need，opportunity等。
如：
we need someone to look after the kid.我们需要一个人照看小孩。
i have no money to spend.我没钱花了。
he set off again in spite of his friends’efforts to dissuade him.不顾朋友的劝阻，他又出发了。
5．充当状语
不定式充当状语，可以用来表示目的、结果、原因、理由或条件，还可用来对全句进
行修饰。
如：
i come here only to say good-bye to you.我来只是向你告别的。
i awoke to find my truck gone.我醒来发现箱子不见了。
she wept to see the sight.她一看到这情形就哭了。
he must be a fool to say so.他这么说，肯定是个傻子。
to tell you the truth,i don’t like him.说实话，我一点都不喜欢他。
6．充当宾补
不定式充当宾补，其结构为“及物动词 宾语 不定式”，即及物动词 sb/sth…to do…，其中若不定式的动词是be时，则该不定式to be有时可以省去。
如：
father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
she turned out (to be)the winner.结果她成了胜利者。（to be可以省略）
we know him to be a fool.我们知道他是个笨蛋。（to be不能省去）
不定式的完成形式为to have done，表示不定式（to have done）这个动作在主要谓语动作之前发生。但在用不定式表示计划、打算时，用法比较特殊。
如:
he pretended not to have seen me.他假装没看见我。
we planed to have finished the work before dinner.我们计划午饭前完成工作。(特殊用法)
不定式的进行时形式是to be doing。如果谓语动词表示的动作发生的时候，不定式表示的动作也正在发生，就用不定式的进行时。
如：
i’m glad to be working with you.与你一起工作我感到很高兴。
the boy pretended to be studying.那个男孩假装正在学习。
使用不定式时应该注意的几个问题：
1．凡是带有复合宾语的某些动词（七个感官动词，三个使役动词），如果后面接不定式做其宾补的话，主动态没有to ,而被动态中要恢复to.
如：
i’ll have you know that i’m a qualified engineer.我会让你知道我是一个合格的工程师。
we were made to sweep the floor three times a day.我们被要求每天擦三次地板。
2．注意had better do sth “最好做某事”，would rather do sth“宁愿做某事”，would like to do“想做某事”三个结构中，to的有无。
如：
you’d better stay here for another week.你最好在这儿再待一周。
i would rather die than give in.我宁愿去死，也决不屈服。
i’d like to have a cup of coffee.我想喝杯咖啡。
3．help是一个特殊的词，其后的不定式to可有可无。
如he helped me (to) learn english.他帮助我学英语。
动名词
动名词是一种动词性名词，由原形动词加ing构成，形式上与现在分词相同。动名词和它的宾语、表语或状语一起构成动名词短语。动名词及动名词短语具有名词的性质，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
动名词的一般式
1．做主语
如：
seeing is believing. 眼见为实．
it is no use arguing with him.跟他争论一点用也没有。（形式主语）
2．做表语
往往表示抽象性动作，而不表示具体动作。
如her job is cleaning the house.她的工作是打扫房间。
3．做宾语
下列词只能用动名词做宾语，不能用不定式：
admit，appreciate，avoid，complete，consider，delay，deny，detest，endure，enjoy，escape，fancy，finish，imagine，mind，miss，postpone，practice，recall，resent，resume，resist，risk，suggest，face，include，stand，understand，forgive，keep
如:
i am considering changing my job as i’m not getting on well with my boss.我正考虑换一个工作，因为我跟老板相处不好。
he enjoys reading. 他乐于阅读。
4. 做定语
如:
a swimming pool is being built in the park.公园里正在建泳池。
your teaching method is a little out of date.你的教学方法有些过时了。
动名词的完成式（having done）
表达动名词的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，用动名词的完成式。
如：
he didn’t mention having met me in shanghai.他没提在上海见到我的事。
i am very sorry for having kept you waiting for so long.真是抱歉让你等了这么久。
动名词的被动式being done
如:
he came to the party without being invited.那个聚会他不请自来。
we look forward to being invited to the opening ceremony.
我们期待着收到邀请去参加开幕式。
注意事项：
1．下列词组后只能用动名词：
be afraid of,be/get used to(习惯于),think of,be fond of(喜欢),can’t help(禁不住),feel like(想要),give up,look forward to(期望),pay attention to,have truble in,insist on,put off(推迟),succeed in等.
如
i don’t feel like going to see the film now.我现在不想去看电影。
he has been used to living in the city.他已经习惯于住在城里。
2．下列动词后接不定式与动名词意义不同：
forget to do忘记要去做一件事，forget doing忘记了过去做的一件事
remember to do记得要去做的某事，remember doing记得过去曾经做过的一件事
reGREt to do对现在要发生的事表示抱歉，regret doing对已经发生的事表示后悔
stop to do停下某事去做另一件事， stop doing停下正在做的事
mean to do打算做某事，mean doing意味着
go on to do继续做另一件事，go on doing继续做同一件事
try to do努力去做某事，trying doing 尝试去做某事
3．动名词和不定式的区别：
动名词表示笼统、泛指的概念，或者抽象的、经常性的动作；
不定式表示一次性的、具体的或者特定的动作，或者现在的、将来的动作。
如：i like swimming , but i don’t like to swim this afternoon. 我喜欢游泳，但是今天下午我不愿去游泳。
三级英语强化辅导讲义
分词
现在分词由原形动词加-ing构成；规则动词的过去分词由原形动词加-ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词无一定规则，需分别记忆。分词前加上not 则构成分词的否定式。
分词在句子中能充当下列句子成分：
１．做表语
如the story sounds touching.这个故事听起来很动人。
２．做定语
此时要注意分词的位置：如果是单个分词，不管是现在分词还是过去分词做定语，就放在所修饰词的前面；如果是分词短语做定语，放在所修饰词的后面．
如：
barking dogs seldom bite. 爱叫的狗很少咬人．
they built a highway leading into the mountains.他们修了一条通往山区的公路．
３．做状语
（1）现在分词短语做原因状语
如not receiving any letter from him，i gave him a call.由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。
（2）现在分词短语做时间状语
如 seeing these pictures, i couldn’t help thinking of those unforgettable days in the countryside. 看到这些照片，我不禁想起了那些令人难忘的在乡村的日子。
（3）现在分词短语做结果状语
如his wife died in 1960, leaving him with 5 children. 他妻子于1960去世，给他留下六个孩子。
（4）过去分词短语做条件状语
如given time, the boy will make a good tennis player. 给他时间，这个男孩儿将会成为一个优秀的网球选手。
（5）过去分词短语做时间状语
如seen under a microscope , a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape.在显微镜下看，雪花是六角形。
（6）过去分词短语做原因状语
如he soon fell asleep, exhausted by the long journey.由于旅途劳顿，他很快就睡着了。
4．现在分词和过去分词做宾语补足语
这些动词有see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, have, feel, make, get , smell 等。其中要特别注意，在由“have, get 直接宾语 过去分词”的句型中，表达的动作不是由主语所指的人做的，而是由别人做的。
如：
when he reached the gate of the school, he heard the bell ringing. 当他到达校门口时，听到铃声响了。
we are going to have our Office rearranged to make room for a new engineer .我们正准备把办公室重新安排一下，好给新来的工程师腾出点地方来。
my hair is too long; i am going to have it cut. 我的头发长得太长了，我要去理发。
现在分词的完成形式（having done）
现在分词的完成式表示的动作在句中谓语动词动作之前发生，具有主动意义。在句子里边，要么充当时间状语，要么充当原因状语。
如：having walked a long way, robbins began to feel tired. 由于已经走了很长的路，robbins开始感到累了。
现在分词的被动式（being done）
standing on the bank, the children watched the ship being loaded with all kinds of goods.站在河畔上，那些孩子看着船被人装上货物。
独立主格结构
分词短语做状语时，其逻辑主语一般应和句子的主语相一致。但也有不一致的时候，比如当分词具有自己独立的逻辑主语时，我们称这种“名词 分词”的结构为独立主格结构。如果名词和分词表示的动作为主动关系，一般用现在分词，如果是被动关系，就用过去分词。
如：
it being SUNday, you needn’t go to school.今天是星期天，你不必去上学。
weather permitting, we’ll go to the park.天气允许的话，我们就去公园。
all the work done, you can have a rest.所有的工作都完成了，你们可以休息一下。
语法：从 句
一、定语从句
定语从句由关系代词和关系副词引导。
关系代词有which / who / whom / whose / that ，在句中可以充当主语、宾语，其
中只有whose可以做定语；关系副词有when / where / why，分别做时间状语，地点状语，原因状语。
如：
1．i will never forget the ten years _____ we both spent in the little village.
a. when b. during which c. which d. in which
答案： c
【解析】我永远忘不了我们两个人共同在那个小村子里渡过的十年。
为什么选which 而不用when？因为句子里有一个spend （花费），它应该有一个宾语，the ten years是它的逻辑宾语，which在这里代指the ten years，做spend的宾语。
而when是副词，不能做宾语，只有在that is the period when i lived there.这样的句子里用when。
2．of those_____ had applied for the jobs, only two were accepted .
a. persons b. that c. who d. which
答案： ｃ
【解析】在这些求职者当中，只有两个人被录取了．
很显然，句子缺主语，且主语为人，应用who来引导。persons 不能引导从句，which 指代引导事物，不能引导人。
限制性和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是主句中的中心词不可缺少的定语，如果省去它，主句的意义就不明确或不完整；它与主句关系十分密切，不可用逗号与主句分开。
非限制性定语从句只起对主句中的中心词作附加说明的作用，如果省去从句，主句仍能表达明确、完整的概念；它与主句的关系不十分密切，与主句之间必须用逗号分开。
如：
this is the place where i once worked for 10 years.这就是我曾经工作过十年的地方。（如果把限制性定语从句where i once worked for 10 years去掉，句意“这就是那个地方”不完整，表意不清。）
man cannot live on the moon, where there is no air and water.人类不能居住在月球上，那里没有空气也没有水。（where 引导的非限制性定语从句只是对the moon起一个附加说明的作用，说明月球上的情况，man cannot live on the moon仍是一个完整的句子。）
限制性和非限制性定语从句意义上的区别：
i have a sister who lives in taiwan.我有一个住在台湾的姐姐。（我可能不止有一个姐姐。）
i have a sister, who lives in taiwan.我有一个姐姐，她生活在台湾。（我只有一个姐姐。）
在限制性定语从句中，有些情况下关系代词可以省略；而在非谓语从句中则不可以省略：
如：
the experiment (that) we made yesterday was accurate. 我们昨天做的那个试验是精确的。
注：关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略。
is there anything i can do for you? 有什么我能帮你的吗？
注：关系代词在从句中作宾语，而先行词为all, anything, something, everything, nothing, much, little时，多数人认可只能用“that”而不能用“which”和“what”，且“that”常常省略。
there is no difficulty we can’t overcome.没有什么我们不能克服的困难。
注：先行词由形容词最高级或序数词或all, any, last, no, only, very等修饰时可以省略。
the direction of force acting can be changed.力作用的方向可以改变。
注：当先行词为direction, distance, sequence, time(倍数), way等词时可以省略。
that is the only book there is on the subject.这是关于那个课题的仅有的一本书。
使用定语从句时应该注意的几个问题：
1．which 和that都可以引导定语从句指代事物，但是如果先行词前面all,any,every，
(a) few, no, only, some, very, 序数词或形容词最高级等限定词时 ，引导定语从句的只能用that, 不能用which.
如：this is the very book that i want to read.这就是我想要看的那本书。
２．关系代词which和whom前有介词，介词前还有限定词（如数词或者most／no／none／all ）的情况：
如china has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is taiwan.中国有数以百计的岛屿，其中最大的岛就是台湾岛。
３．句子或句子的一部分做先行词，则定语从句一定是非限制性定语从句。
如she lost all her money, which made her very unhappy.她的钱全丢了，这让她很不高兴。
４．关系代词后面的数和人称要和先行词一致．用主格还是用宾格取决于它在句子中充当的成分．
如this is one of the best books ____ on the subject .
a. that have ever been written b. which have ever been written
c. that has ever been written d. whatever have been written
答案： a
【解析】这本书是有关这一主题写的最好的之一。
有形容词的最高级the best，所以我们最先排除b，不能用which只能用that；我们再看a, c两个选项．定语定的是books，先行词是复数，要保持一致性，所以选a。
５．whose不一定永远指人，也可以指代事物．
如i don’t want to rent the house whose windows are broken.
我不想租那种玻璃都碎了的房子．
二、让步状语从句
让步状语从句主要有六种结构，前三种比较简单，也没有考过，我们只做简单的介绍。后三种结构比较重要。
1．though, although引导的让步状语从句：
though和although的意思差不多，都是“尽管……”、“虽然……”的意思。区别在于though比较常用，而although多用于比较正式的场合，常放在句首，语气比though稍微重些。
如：
though he is very old, yet he is quite strong.他虽然年纪很大了，但还很强壮。
although it is raining, they’re still working in the field.虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
２．even if (though) 让步从句， 主句：
even if (though)即使
如we will make a trip even though the weather is bad.即使天气不好，我们也要去远足。
３．whether ……or …… 让步从句， 主句：
whether……or……不管……都……
如whether you believe it or not, it is true.信不信由你，这是真的。
４．no matter＋疑问词（how/ what/ when /where /whether） 让步从句， 主句
no matter……不论……,不管……
如no matter how big the storm is , we can meet it . 风暴再大我们也能顶得住。
５．疑问词 -ever 让步从句， 主句：
疑问词 -ever 让步从句， 从句 = no matter＋疑问词 让步从句， 主句。
如whatever the terms used, the facts are plain enough.不管怎么说，事实再清楚不过了。
相当于：no matter what the terms used, the facts are plain enough.
６．被强调的形容词或副词 as 让步状语从句， 主句：
这种句式意思是“尽管……”。和though, although引导的让步状语从句的意思一样，可以相互转换。
如old as he is, he is quite strong.
相当于：though he is very old, yet he is quite strong.
三、主语从句
英语中主语从句有三种类型（重点在第一，第三）：
1．由连接代词（who/whoever/whom/what/whatever/which）或连接副词（when/where/why/how）引导的主语从句：
如：
whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.旅途中的所见所闻给了他很深的印象。
when and where the new hospital will be built remains a mystery.这座新医院将在什么时间，什么地方建设还是一个未知数。
2．由连词that引导的主语从句：
如that you need more practice is quite obvious.毫无疑问你需要更多的练习。
相当于：it is quite obvious that you need more practice.
3．由whether--or引导的主语从句：
如whether we will go or not remains undecided.我们是否去还没有决定。
四、宾语从句
１．由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句：
如：
this is what i am eager to do. 这就是我想要做的。
could you tell me where he lives？你能告诉我他住在哪里吗？
2．由连词if或whether引导的宾语从句：
let me know whether (if) you can come (or not) tomorrow.让我知道你明天能否来。
3．同位语从句由that引导，前面的词多为news, fact, idea, plan, suggestion等抽象名词，这些词也叫先行词。
如the fact that he does so in so short period of time challenges explanation.
这么短时间内他就完成这件事这似乎有点不可思议。
三级英语强化辅导讲义
语法：倒装句结构
倒装句分为两种：部分倒装和全部倒装。具体来说，部分倒装就是主语和情态动词、助动词的倒装。
例：only then did i realize the importance of mathematics. （只是在那时我才认识到数学的重要性。）
共有四种倒装形式：
第一种：含有否定词开头的句子都要倒装：
否定词语置于句首是为了强调否定，可引起部分倒装，即谓语部分中的助动词或情态动词提至主语前，而动词仍置于主语后．
这些否定词有：not, only, never, little, few, hardly, nowhere, seldom, rarely, scarcely … when …, no sooner…than, at no time, in no way（= by no means）, under no circumstance, not until, not only … but (also) …．
如：
seldom does he go to see his aunt in the countryside.他很少去看乡下的阿姨。
hardly did i think it possible.我几乎认为这是不可能的。
rarely did i meet mr. eldon. 我很少遇上埃尔登先生．
no sooner had yao ming appeared in the hall than the crowd began to cheer.姚明刚出现在大厅，人群就欢呼起来了。
第二种，so…that… 太…以至于… ， 如果so放在句首，so后句子倒装，that后面的不倒装。
如so fast did he run that he caught up with the whole class.他跑得很快，赶上了整个班级.
第三种：如果虚拟条件从句当中包含有助动词、情态动词、动词to be、动词to have，可以把if省略，然后倒装。
见虚拟语气if从句用法。
第四种：由as引导的让步状语从句中，后面的句子要倒装。
如much as i like it, i won’t buy it.尽管我很喜欢它，但是也不会买。
try as he does, he will never pass it.尽管他会去尝试，但他永远不会成功。
语法：主谓一致
主谓一致即主语和谓语动词在数上保持一致。
1．两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用and连接时，谓语动词原则上用复数。但是,如果单数名词前有each, no, every, many a, more than one修饰，谓语动词用单数。
如：
each boy and each girl is invited.每一个男孩和每一个女孩都受到了邀请。
many a boy and many a girl has been invited.许多男孩和女孩都被邀请了。
2. every可以带有数字的复数名词连用，这时我们仍然把它看作一个整体，因此动词用单数。
如every four people shares a room.我们每四个人住一个房间。
3. 主语如果是单数，尽管后面跟有以下结构：as well as（除了．．．之外还．．．）, together with（与．．．一起）, along with（与．．．一起）, including（包括．．．在内）, accompanied by （陪同，陪伴），in company with（在．．．的陪同下）,besides （除了．．．之外）， except（除了．．．）等，谓语动词用单数。
如：
the teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
he as well as i wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
4. 集体名词（family, crew, class, committee, government, audience, group, team, army等）做主语时，谓语动词的数取决于这个集体名词的含义：当这个集合名词表示一个不可分割的整体时，谓语动词用单数；当强调集体中的个体时，谓语动词用复数。
如：
the family is the basic unit of our society.家庭是社会的基本组成单位。
the committee is made up of five members.这个委员会由五个成员组成。
5. 有些名词尽管以“s”结尾，如：news（消息）, politics（政治学）, physics（物理学）, economics（经济学）, mathematics（数学）等，但这些词表示的是单数的概念，动词用单数。
如every means has been tried.每一种方式都试过了。
6．当句子有两个主语，主语又是由either…or…, neither…nor, …or…, …nor…或 not only…but (also)…连接，则采用临近原则，数与谓语动词临近的主语保持一致。
如neither tom nor his parents are at home.汤姆和他的父母都不在家。
7.a number of后面动词用复数；the number of 后面动词用单数。
如：
a number of students have gone to the cinema.一些学生去看电影了。
the number of students has doubled since 1998.学生的数量自从1988年已经翻了一番。
语法：附加疑问句
附加疑问句附在陈述句后面，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问。该句型的结构特征为：当前面是肯定时，后面用否定式；当前面是否定时，后面用肯定式。反意问句中的动词时态应和陈述句中的动词时态相一致．
有关附加疑问句，应该掌握以下几点：
1. 当陈述句是一个主从复合句时，通常情况下疑问部分应根据主句的动词形式而定。
如he said that he didn’t want to go, did not he?他说他不想去，是吗？
2. 虽然陈述部分是主从复合句，但是，如果主语部分是以下几个结构：i’d say（我想说）， i’ll bet（我敢打赌）， i guess（我猜测）， i think（我想）， i suppose（我想），i believe （我相信），i expect（我期待）， i imagine（我想像），附加疑问句要根据从句的动词形式而定。
如i suppose you are not serious, are you?我想这事你不是当真的，是吗？
3. 如果在第二种句式中的主句部分加否定词，附加疑问部分用肯定式。
如i don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他对这事儿无所谓，是吗？
4. 如果陈述部分的主语是somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, nobody, 提问部分的人称要用复数they.
如everybody knows that the earth is round, don’t they?每个人都知道地球是圆的，对吗？
5.陈述句部分如果含有否定词nothing, nobody, seldom, rarely, never, hardly, scarcely, 疑问部分要用肯定式。
如she scarcely cares for anything, does she? （她这人对什么都不关心，对吗？）
总结如下：
陈述部分提问部分
have todon’t
had todidn’t
ought tooughtn’t to / shouldn’t to
used todidn’t
letshall(说的和听的都要做这个动作)/ will
don’twill
语法：强调句结构
强调句结构有三种主要形式：
１．由it做引导词，形式：it is(was) ＋ 被强调部分，后面常出现that，whom，who。
如john met mary in paris last week.这句话中除了谓语动词不能被强调之外，其余划线部分都可以强调。强调不同部分如下：
（1）、it was john who met mary in paris last week.
（2）、it was mary whom john met in paris last week.
（3）、it was in paris that john met mary last week.
（4）、it was last week that john met mary in paris.
2．it is because 也是强调句型结构，强调原因。
如it is because she is very devoted to her students that she is respected by them.就是因为她全身心地投入学生的教育，她才受到孩子们的尊敬。
3．由not until引导的句子，既是一种强调句，也是一种倒装句。
如it was not until bedtime that the boy ever remembered to do his homework. 直到睡觉时间那个男孩儿才想起来该做作业了。
这句话我们用not until 来引导则是：
not until bedtime did the boy ever remember to do his homework.
到此为止，语法部分全部讲完。从下节开始讲答题技巧 。
我们按考题的先后顺序，讲五种题型的答题技巧。
一、阅读理解
阅读理解所涉及到的考题是三篇文章。这三篇文章的总阅读量大概在800个单词左右。每篇文章后面有5个问题，每題2分，共计30分。这三十分在试卷五道题中占比重较大。阅读理解容易丢分的原因有两个：第一，也是最主要的，就是我们的词汇量偏少；第二个是语法薄弱。
阅读理解要求我们同学在读完阅读理解题之后，能够掌握文章的大意，要对文章的中心思想有个了解。此外，还要了解说明中心思想的细节、事实，并能根据所读的内容进行一定的判断和推论。三个层次：第一，阅读完之后，了解中心思想；第二，有哪些主要事实和细节；第三，能够进行一些推论和判断。
基本阅读技巧
一、略读：
略读，就是我们通常所说的浏览。是指跳过细节，跳过不重要的描述或者举例，进行快速阅读，以求抓住文章大意或者中心思想的一种阅读方法。略读的速度要快，270个单词的一篇文章大概在2分半到3分钟（教学大纲规定一般阅读速度是70单词/分钟，快速阅读速度100单词/分钟。）。略读时，精力要特别集中，不要试图去记那些细节，遇到比较难的生词，或者比较长的、难的句子也不要纠缠不清，因为我们的目的是对这篇文章宏观上有个了解，略读时一定要注意文章的起始段和结束段；还要注意每一段的第一句和最后一句，也就是掐两头，因为这些东西往往是对文章最好的概括和总结。
二、寻读：
寻读是指快速寻找某一特殊信息的阅读方法。它的目的非常明确，也应要找到所需要的信息。其实我们在日常生活当中，对这种现象并不陌生。比如要在人群中找到你认识的朋友，你在货架上找到你要买的东西买；从书架上要找到你要读的书等等，都是类似的道理。我们在寻读时，目光由上而下，一目十行，这样尽量快速找到与答题相关的词句，与答题无关的内容也应该尽快阅过。当我要回答由who, when, what, where等，这些涉及到文章细节的时候往往要用这方法。
三、细读：
细读这是要在相对比较小的范围内，逐字逐句的进行仔细的阅读。这时候对关键字和关键句子要仔细琢磨，以便有比较准确的理解。细读有一点要提醒大家：有的时候我们既要理解字面的含义，还要通过推理和判断弄清文章中字里行间所隐含的意义。在细读的过程当中，对没有学过的生词，我们可以根据上下文的背景来猜测词义。对于比较难懂的句子可以借助我们所学过的语法常识，对句子进行分析，以求达到充分理解的目的。总而言之，我们在阅读一篇文章时，要根据后面的五个问题的不同类型采用不同的阅读方法。
前面我们讲的这三种阅读方法是第一个层面上的，任何语言都如此，包括中文，是从宏观上把握的一些应试技巧。
接下来我们讲第二个层面的，一些具体的应试技巧。
解题类型及应试技巧（具体的，微观的技巧）
三级英语考试中，阅读理解题部分一般涉及到五种类型的题：
一．主题思想题（中心思想题）常见提问方式及答题技巧：
主题思想题在考试中出现的频率比较高，当我们做有关主题思想题时要用“略读”的方法。考主题思想的题目中会出现以下一些关键词：
title, subject, main, idea, topic, these.
考主题思想的试题一般有以下几种形式：
this passage tells us ___
this passage centers on ___
this best title for the passage is ___
which of the following would be the best title?
what is the main idea of the passage?
刚才我们讲过，在做有关主题思想题时，应用“略读”的方法把主要精力放在抓主要信息上面，不要只关心细节，否则就会只见树木，不见森林。通常的办法，应该是快速阅读文章时，注意找出各段的主题句。文章各段的主题句通常放在句首。
例1：2005年4月考题
we use both words and gestures to express our feelings, but the problem is that these words and gestures can be understood in different ways.
it is true that a smile means the same thing in any language. so does laughter or crying. there are also a number of striking similarities in the way different animals show the same feelings. dogs, tigers and humans, for example, often show their teeth when they are angry. this is probably because they are born with those behavior patterns.
fear is another emotion that is shown in much the same way all over the world. (80) in chinese and in english literature, a phrase like "he went pale and begin to tremble" suggests that the man is either very afraid or he has just got a very big shock. however, "he opened his eyes wide" is used to suggest anger in chinese whereas in english it means surprise. in chinese "surprise" can be described in a phrase like ’they stretched out their tongues!’ sticking out your tongue in english is an insulting gesture or expresses strong dislike.
even in the same culture, people differ in ability to understand and express feelings. experiments in america have shown that women are usually better than men at recognizing fear, anger, love and happiness on people’s faces. other studies show that older people usually find it easier to recognize or understand body language than younger people do.
11. according to the passage, __________.
a. we can hardly understand what people’s gestures mean
b. we can not often be sure what people mean when they describe their feelings in words or gestures
c. words can be better understood by older people
d. gestures can be understood by most of the people while words can not
12. people’s facial expressions may be misunderstood because __________.
a. people of different ages may have different understanding
b. people have different cultures
c. people of different sex may understand a gesture in a different way
d. people of different countries speak different languages
13. in the same culture, __________.
a. people have different ability to understand and express feelings
b. people have the same understanding of something
c. people never fail to understand each other
d. people are equally intelligent
14. from this passage, we can conclude __________.
a. words are used as frequently as gestures
b. words are often found difficult to understand
c. words and gestures are both used in expressing feelings
d. gestures are more efficiently used than words
15. the best title for this passage may be __________.
a. words and feelings
b. words, gestures and feelings
c. gestures and feelings
d. culture and understanding
提示：
15题“the best title for this passage may be __________.”考查的就是该短文的主题思想。
我们刚说过，对一篇文章来讲，首段和尾段对于解主题思想这类题非常重要。
这道题的答案就包含在文章首段中的第一句“we use both words and gestures to express our feelings,”中。
例2．
by adopting a few simple techniques, parents who read to their children can greatly increase their children’s language development. it is surprising but true. how parents talk to their children makes a big difference in the children’s language development. if a parent encourages the child to actively respond to what the parent is reading, the child’s language skills increase.
a study was done with 30 three-year-old children and their parents. half of the children participated in the experimental study; the other half acted as the control group. in the experimental group, the parents were given a two-hour training session in which they were taught to ask open-ended questions rather than yes-or-no questions. for example, the parent should ask, "what is the doggie doing?" rather than "is the doggie running away?" the parents in the experimental group were also instructed in how to help children find answers, how to suggest alternative possibilities and how to praise correct answers.
at the beginning of the study, the children did not differ in measures of language development, but at the end of one month, the children in the experimental group showed 5.5 months ahead of the control group on a test of verbal expression and vocabulary. nine months later, the children in the experimental group still showed an advance of 6 months over the children in the control group.
6. which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
a. children who talk a lot are more intelligent.
b. parents who listen to their children can teach them more.
c. active children should read more and be given more attention.
d. verbal ability can easily be developed with proper methods.
7. what does "it" in line 2 can most probably be replaced by?
a. parents increasing children’s language development
b. reading techniques being simple
c. parents reading to children
d. children’s intelligence development
8. according to the author, which of the following questions is the best type to ask children about?
a. do you see the elephant? b. is the elephant in the cage?
c. what animals do you like? d. shall we go to the zoo?
9. the difference between the control group and the experimental group was __________.
a. the training that parents received
b. the age of the children
c. tile books that were read
d. the number of the children
10. the best conclusion we can draw from the passage is that __________.
a. parents should be trained to read to their children
b. the more children read, the more intelligent they will become
c. children’s language skills increase when they are required to respond actively
d. children who read actively seem six months older
提示：
10题“the best conclusion we can draw from the passage is that __________.”当然也是考查本文的主题思想，而答案就在首段的末句“if a parent encourages the child to actively respond to what the parent is reading, the child’s language skills increase.”中。
二、主要事实和细节题
下面讲主要事实和细节题的设题思路和答题技巧。主要事实和细节题最多的就是我们平常所说的，由who, where, what, when, why, which等等引导的特殊问句。当然不仅仅限于这些，还可以是，会把这篇文章的某一个细节拿出来，让你判断正误。比如说：which the following is true? 或者是：which the following is not true? 当然题目的形式很多。这类题在阅读理解题中占比例非常大,为什么大？因为它比较容易。换句话说在文章的某一地方用寻读的方法找，细找就能找到。它的比例一般占到60%，不会少于60%。考试事实和细节题可能会涉及到一些数字计算、概念理解、是非判断等。 我们做主要事实和细节题，一般的方法技巧，应当是先用寻读的方法。我们所说的，文章先略读以启迪，在寻读的时候大概知道记得这个问题在第几段里，找到位置之后，再仔细地看。做主要事实和细节题时要注意经常给同学造成困惑的，阅读题3篇，它的程度很难保证在一个水平上。可能有一篇或两篇比较难。从测试学的角度来讲，为了取得平衡，出题老师在设题时会用一些技巧，所以提醒同学们，你看到一篇文章，这篇文章的重启比较多，句子比较长，一句话，你觉得比较难，请不要放弃，要耐心去看。因为，这种题相对比较容易。反过来，如果你碰到一篇文章里面没有重启，句子也好理解，也不要得意忘形，后面的题通常会绕，在设题时，通常在题干或选项中增加一些文字上或意义上的干扰，使你在原文当中不能直接找到答案。语言难度比较大的，大部分可以在原文中找到答案。应当说，主要事实和细节题比较简单，不用花太多时间.
例：
in the united states, 30 percent of the adult population has a "weight problem". to many people, the cause is obvious: they eat too much. but scientific evidence does little to support this idea. going back to the america of the 1910s, we find that people were thinner than today, yet they ate more food. in those days people worked harder physically, walked more, used machines much less and didn’t watch television.
several modem studies, moreover, have shown that fatter people do not eat more on the average than thinner people. in fact, some investigations, such as the 1979 study of 3, 545 london office workers, report that, on balance, fat people eat less than slimmer people.
studies show that slim people are more active than fat people. a study by a research group at stanford university school of medicine found the following interesting facts:
the more the men ran, the more body fat they lost.
the more they ran, the greater amount of food they ate.
thus, those who ran the most ate the most, yet lost the greatest amount of body fat.
11. the physical problem that many adult americans have is that__________.
a. they are too slim b. they work too hard
c. they are too fat d. they lose too much body fat
12. according to the article, given 500 adult americans, __________ people will have a "weight problem".
a. 30 b. 50 c. 100 d. 150
13. is there any scientific evidence to support that eating too much is the cause of a "weight problem"?
a. yes, there is plenty of evidence.
b. of course, there is some evidence to show this is true.
c. there is hardly any scientific evidence to support this.
d. we don’t know because the information is not given.
14. in comparison with the adult american population today, the americans of the 1910s __________.
a. ate more food and had more physical activities
b. ate less food but had more activities
c. ate less food and had less physical exercise
d. had more weight problems
15. modem scientific researches have reported to us that__________.
a. fat people eat less food and are less active
b. fat people eat more food than slim people and are more active
c. fat people eat more food than slim people but are less active
d. thin people run less, but have greater increase in food intake
提示：
11-15题基本上都可以算是细节题，解决这样的问题，最好的办法就是寻读 分析。
比如12题：
according to the article, given 500 adult americans, __________ people will have a "weight problem".
a. 30 b. 50 c. 100 d. 150
意思是“根据文章，500个成年美国人中，有‘体重问题’的人数为30、50、100还是150？”
通过寻读"weight problem"，我们可以发现文章的第一句in the united states, 30 percent of the adult population has a "weight problem".给出了间接的解答，按照30%的比例，500人中显然会有150人存在“体重问题”。
一、词汇部分出题的形式以及重点和难点：
1．选择项为形近义异词
例1．from her conversation, i __________ that she had a large family.
a. deduced b. decided
c. declared d. deceived
答案：a.
解析：本句的意思是“从她的谈话中，我推断出她有一大家子人。”
deduce推断；decide决定；declare宣布；deceive欺骗。
例2． if you ________ the speed limit, you will get into trouble with the police.
a. exclude b. exceed
c. excuse d. execute
答案：b
解析：本句的意思是“如果你超速，就会有警察找你麻烦。”
exclude 排除，拒绝； exceed 超过；excuse 原谅； execute执行，实行。
2．选择项为同义词或近义词
例1.he took his greatly _____ boat to repair.
a. damaged b. destroyed
c. wounded d. injured
答案： a
解析： damage, 动词，“损坏”，与destroy的区别在于destroy指“摧毁”，无法修复。这里由于有to repair,因为用damage比较合适。injure, 动词，“伤害”，通常指对人的容貌、健康、财产、名誉等的损害。而wound指身体受到创伤。
例2.it is _____ for a person in his position to make such a mistake.
a. rare b. less
c. little d. few
答案： a
解析： rare： 此处的意思是：罕见的。本句的意思是：“一个处在他这样位置的人难得犯这种错误。”其他三个词不符题意。
又如：
problems will__________ if you do it this way.
a. rise b. arise
c. raise d. arouse
答案：b
tom ______more than twenty pounds for the dictionary.
a. spent b. pay
c. cost d. took
答案： a
3．选择项为词义完全不同的词
例1：he was fully ____ of his own shortcomings.
a. sensitive b. sensible
c. serious d. sincere
答案：b
解析：本句的意思是“他很清楚自己的缺点。”
sensitive敏锐的； sensible 知道的，觉悟的；serious 严重的； sincere真诚的。
例2：when she heard the bad news, she _____ completely.
a. broke away b. broke up
c. broke down d. broke out
答案： c
解析： break down: 禁不住痛哭，（身体，精神）垮了. break out: 爆发，突然发生。break up: 打破，打碎。break away: 断绝关系。
4．选择项为短语动词
例1．his business is growing so fast that he must____ more workers.
a. take up b. take on
c. take over d. take out &faE5K.d0C ^Z . }f ( 3COME考试频道 外语园地公共英语等级考试 )&faE5K.d0C ^Z . }fhTTp://wWw.reader8.net/exam/
答案：b
解析：本句的意思是“他的生意拓展很快，他必须雇佣更多的工人。”
take up 从事； take on 雇佣； take over代替； take out 去除。
例2．i have to ______ my visit as i’ll be very busy next week.
a. call for b. call on
c. call off d. call in
答案：c
解析：本句的意思是“下周我会很忙，所以不得不取消访问。”
call for请求；call on号召，访问；call off取消；call in请，来访。
5．选择项为固定搭配
例i believe that every crime, __________ the circumstance, should be severely punished.
a. in spite of b. because of
c. instead of d. on account of
答案：a
解析：本句的意思是“我认为不论何种犯罪都应予严惩。”
in spite of 不论； because of 因为； instead of 代替； on account of因为。
又如rubber differs from plastics __________ it is produced naturally.
a. at that b. in that
c. for that d. with that
解析：本句的意思是“橡胶与塑料不同，因为它是天然产品。”in that因为。答案：b
一、词汇题的答题技巧
1.选用表示增加递进关系的词为线索:
这些词常见的有: besides, moreover（在什么基础上还，更有甚者，而且……）, furthermore（与moreover同义）, but, in addition，again（再，又）, and, also, too。
例: _____ the last one, i answered all the questions.
a. except b. except for c. besides d. in addition to
答案: b
解析: except for: 指对结论的修正.如:本句的意思“我回答了所有的问题，除了最后一个”。因此，“except for the last one”是对前一句的修正。except：除了……外. in addition to 除了……(包括).
2.利用表示比较或对比关系的词为线索:
这些词常见的有: but, however, although, in contrast（比较而言，相比较之下，常用于两件对立的事实，指出其间的差异处）, instead of.
例: i work hard like a dog, _____ i have little salary every month.
a. so b. but c. and d. furthermore
答案: b
解析: 本句意思是:我工作特别刻苦,但是我的薪水却很少!应该选择but。其他的几个词是指递进或是并列的关系.
3.利用表示因果生态系统的词为线索:
这些词常见的有:because（因为）, as（由于，因为）, since（既然）, for（由于）, as a result（结果，因此）, thus（如此，这样；因而，从而）, therefore（由此，因此）.
例: he is a very _____ person because he has done a lot of good things for the local people.
a. respectable. b. respectful. c. respective. d. respecting
答案: a
解析: 这句话的意思是:他是一个很受尊敬的人，因为他为当地人们做了许多好事。respectable可敬的，高尚的；respectful充满敬意的，有礼貌的；respective 各自的，各个的；respecting是respect的分词形式。
二、语法结构部分应试技巧
1、注意在句子中寻找线索：
例1: when i went to visit mrs.smith last week, i was told she _____ two days before.
a. has left b. was leaving
c. would leave d. had left
答案： d
解析： 这句话的意思是: 我上一周去拜访史密斯小姐的时候，被告诉她两天前离开了。注意前句中的时间线索，知道这个消息时是上一周，而史密斯小姐是在此之前离开的，也就是“离开”这动作发生在过去的过去，故用过去完成时。
例2: neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the company ___.
a．has been accepted. b. have been accepted.
c．was accepted. d. were accepted.
答案： c
解析： 这句话的意思是: 在那家公司曾求职的两个年轻人都没有被录用.
2. 如果题目是由两句话组成，其中必有一句是为答题提供线索的:
例don’t tell her the answer. let her do the exercise _____ .
a. she b. her c. herself d. itself
答案： c
解析： 这句话的意思是: 不要告诉她答案,让她自己做练习.
3.注意及物和不及物的区别，注意主、被动关系。
例: “the ceremony has already started.”“look! the flag is _____ now.”
a. being raised b. risen
c. being rose d. raising
答案： a
解析： 这句话的意思是: “仪式已经开始了.” “看, 现在旗正在升起.”
look,信号词,进行时态.旗正在被升起来,应当排除b,d. 注意rise和raise区别: 前者是不及物动词,不能用被动时态.而后者是及物动词,可以用被动语态.故a正确.
4.注意区分一个句子中的主要动词与次要动词:
例1: three people, _____ ,were injured in the accident.
a. including a child b. include a child
c. included a child d. includes a child
答案: a
解析:这句话的意思是: 三个人在那次事故中受伤了,其中包括一个孩子.注意:句子谓语动词唯一性.这句的谓语动词是injured, 这里include是一个分词结构,表示一种从属状语. included,本句的主语是人,是一种主动关系,所以不能用过去分词形式.
例2: _____ i saw was two men crossing the street.
a. what b. whom
c. who d. that
答案: a
解析: 这句话的意思是:我看到的是两个男人穿过街道。这句话的主要动词是was，而不是saw那么我们选a，为什么不选择b呢？如果选择b，那么后面一定要说清楚是张三还是李四。
5. 注意某些信号词的辨认:
这些信号词常见的有: for, otherwise, or.
例1: i believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.
a. would have had b. could have had
c. should have had d. must have had
答案: d
解析: 我相信他一定是出了交通事故了，否则的话他该到了。otherwise 信号词。
例2: something must have happened on their way here. or they _____ by now.
a. should have arrived b. should arrive
c. would have arrived d. would arrive
答案: c
解析: or,信号词。我相信他一定在路上出了什么事儿了，否则的话现在他该到了。
三、挑错部分
挑错题题很少有超纲的词，出现的错误有以下几种常见类型：
(1)、 主谓不一致:
例：(according to) our estimate, only one (out of )three company managers (have been) trained in
a b c
the( field of )management.
d
答案: c
解析: 应改为has been. one out of three company managers作主语,是单数，谓语动词也用单数形式.
(2)、 主动和被动:
例：the development of industry has also brought about large numbers of problems which have
a b c
to solve.
d
答案: d
解析: which指代problems，“问题被解决”应用被动，to be solved.
(3)、倒装方面的错误：
例i have never been abroad, nor have i ever wish to go .
a b c d
答案： ｄ
(4)、虚拟语气方面的错误：
例1：we strongly suggest that smith is told about his physical condition as soon as
a b c d
possible.
答案： c
解析：suggest后面的虚拟从句中，谓语用should do 形式，should也可省略。
例2：i wish you are a girl, if that you would accompany with me all day long.
a b c d
答案： ｂ
解析： wish 是虚拟的常见和常考的类型，表示假设或是愿望，后面的动词应该是过去时的形式，应该是were。
（5）、平行结构方面的错误
例i feel like swimming in the lake near our town, and to climb the hill which locates
a b c
behind my house.
答案： b
解析： 我喜欢在我们城镇附近的湖里面游泳，喜欢在我家后面的小山上爬山。应该注意feel like和doing连用，这个句中是两个并列的谓语都是由feel like通领,后面的climb也应当是doing形式
又如we were young men (when )we (first met )in london, poor, (struggle), (full of )hope and
a b c d
ideas.
这道题的c应为形容词struggling.
(6)、固定搭配方面的错误：
例1：neither john and his father was able to wake up early enough to catch the morning train.
a b c d
答案：a
解析：neither nor 表示“两者都不”，是固定搭配。
例2： i was falling sleep last night when i heard a knock at the door.
a b c d
答案： b
解析： 选项b应改为：asleep,因为fall是系动词，后面接表语。
（7）、词性方面的错误：
例1：in the days when coal was so widely used , no one realized how complete oil
a b c
would replace it .
d
答案： c
解析：选项c应改为：completely. how 要修饰副词，soon 和completely并列。注意：这里面有一个信号词and，前后联接的句子是并列的。
例2： the simplest kind of plant, alike the simplest kind of animal, consists of
a b c
only one cell.
d
答案： b
解析： 选项b应改为: like 这里like做介词：意思是：像，如，跟……一样；我们注意做形容词时这两个词的区别：like做形容词时，可做定语和表语，前可加very; alike 是形容词，“相像的，相同的”意思，只做表语，前面不可加very，常加much。另外like也可以做动词，表示“喜欢，希望，想要”的意思。
（8）、现在分词和过去分词的混淆：
例1： the question discussing at the meeting is quite confidential.
a b c d
答案： a
解析： 选项a应改为：discussed. 这句话的意思是：会议上所讨论的问题是十分机密的。这里问题是被讨论的，所以要用被动的形式，用过去分词discussed.
例2： red and green light, if mixing, in the right proportion, will give us yellow.
a b c d
答案： b
解析：选项b应改为：if mixed, (=if they are mixed.)
四、完型填空部分
一般就是200词左右，要填的词一般是语态及结构词：介词，连词等，做这种题的步骤：
1）、统读全文，了解文章大意，不要拿到题就做，在读过程中，认出主题句，关键词语，找解题线索；
2）、分析文章结构及其展开方式，要填空处前后一般会有线索，不确定时要前看，不行就后看；
3）、看准题型，确定处理方法。
4）、审读原句寻找答题线索, 或者做逻辑推理寻找答题线索；一般寻线索前要看：
a． 是否符合本句或上下文意思的要求。
b． 是否符合词汇搭配的要求。
c． 是否需要用连接手段。
d． 是否需要重复前面用过的词，或者在下边句子中出现过词。
e． 看是否有词性变化。
5）、排除法，根据常识等，排除显然错误的方法，尽可能地缩小选择范围；
6）、最后要进行通篇的检查。
例： when we want to 1 other people what we think, we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many 2 ways. for example, we sometimes move our heads 3 when we want to say “yes”, and we move our heads 4 when we want to say “no”.
people who can 5 hear 5 speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers. people who do not understand each other’s language have to do the same. the following story shows 6 they sometimes do it.
7 english man who could not speak italian was 8 traveling in italy. one day he entered a restaurant and sat 9 a table. when the waiter came, the englishman opened his month, 10 his fingers into it, 11 them out again and moved his lips. in the way he meant to say, “ 12 me something to eat.” the waiter soon brought him 13 tea. the englishman 14 his head and the waiter understood that he didn’t want tea. so he took it 15 and brought him 16
coffee. the englishman was angry. he was just going to leave the restaurant 17
another traveler came in. when this man saw the waiter, he 18 his hands on his stomach. that was enough. in a 19 minutes there was a large plate of bread and meat 20 his table.
1. a. say b. speak c. tell d. talk
2. a. anything b. another c. other d. others
3. a. now and then b. over and over
c. up and down d. here and there
4. a. from mouth to mouth b. from door to door
c. from the masses to the masses d. from side to side
5. a. not only……but also b. as well as
c. either……or d. neither……nor
6. a. how b. why c. what d. which
7. a. the b. an c. a d. any
8. a. ever b. never c. before d. once
9. a. in b. at c. on d. upon
10. a. laid b. played c. put d. stayed
11. a. took b. put c. brought d. carried
12. a. bring b. took c. fetched d. carried
13. a. a piece b. a packet of c. a cup of d. a box of
14. a. shook b. nodded c. bent d. showed
15. a. back b. away c. out d. along
16. a. any b. some c. little d. few
17. a. when b. where c. why d. how
18. a. stood b. sat c. put d. placed
19. a. a few b. few c. little d. a little
20. a. at b. over c. under d. on
完形填空题：
1． c 告诉某人某事用: tell sb sth.
2． c 也用许多其它的方法 in many other ways. 这里a项显然不对，b项中another指的是两者之中的另一个，而这里所表达的方法显然不止两种。d项中others其余的，前面要带the一起使用：the others 其余的，后面不再跟名词。
3． c 这里要表达的是：比如，有时当我们想说“是”的时候就点头，move our heads up and down.
4． d 当我们想说“不”的时候就摇头，move our heads from side to side.
5． d 有些既不能听也不能与别人交谈的人中只能借助他们的手指来获得帮助。neither……nor…… 既不……也不…….
6． a 这句话是说，接下来的故事就表现出了他们在这种情况下是怎么样做的。所以要用how来引导这个方式状语从句。
7． b 一个不会说意大利语的英国人曾在意大利旅游。通过后面的谓语动词was可以肯定人称是单数，显然，用an，因为后面english 是以元音字母开头的。
8． d 曾经，用once. 其它选项代入句子不通。
9． b 一天他走进一家餐馆在一张桌子旁边坐下。在桌子旁边坐，用介词at.
10． c put……into…… 把……放进…….
11． a take……out…… 把……取出…….
12． a bring me something to eat. 给我些吃的，这里bring是带来的意思。而take则表达拿去的意思。c，d显然不合题意。
13． c a cup of tea 一杯荼。
14． a 根据后面的：the waiter understood that he didn’t want tea.我们知道他是对服务员的做法表示否定，这时他只能是摇头，而不可能是点头。所以用shook his head.
15． b 把……拿走 take……away; 根据前后语意可知，服务员知道他不是想要一杯荼于是就把荼端走了。
16． b 承接上句，于是给他带来了一些咖啡。不能用很多，也不能用很少，只是表达给他带来些咖啡而已。
17． a 这个英国人生气了。他正要离开的时候另一个服务员进来了。显然，时间状语从句由when来引导。
18． c 这个英国人一看到这个服务员就把手放到胃部。 put……on…… 把……放在…上面
19． b 这就足够了。很快一大盘面包和肉就放到了桌子上。in a few minutes 很快，几分钟之内。
20． d 吃的东西显然要放在桌子上，不是下面，也不是一边。用on table.
第五个题型：翻译
从2003年10月份开始，北京市成人三级英语统考，增加了英汉互译这个题型。新修订的三级英语考试大纲对翻译技巧的要求是：
英译汉：能翻译难度低于课文的文章，理解正确，语速为每小时三百个英文单词。
汉译英：能将内容熟悉的汉语译成英语，没有重大语言错误，语速为每小时二百五十个单词。
英译汉翻译
1．英译汉翻译技巧
英译汉是前面阅读理解中划线的五个句子，相对容易，根据上下文翻译。
从宏观来讲，英译汉的过程包括理解、表达、校对三个阶段。理解就是要通读全文，分析划线部分的句子结构，并理解其含义；表达就是在理解的基础上进行直译或意译。
1．直译
句子安排跟汉语基本一致。
例1：in the first place, television is not only a convenience source of entertainment, but also a comparatively cheap one.
直译：首先，电视不仅是便捷的，而且是廉价的娱乐来源。
例2：he didn’t buy that coat yesterday because he hadn’t enough money.
直译：他没有买那件上衣昨天，因为他没有带足够的钱。
２．意译:
意译的句子就需要我们把句子做相应的调整，必须在正确理解的基础上重新遣辞造句，甚至要改变原来的句子结构，然后把原文的意思通顺地译下来。
例1：a solid fuel, like coal or wood, can only burn at the surface, where it comes into contact with the air.
像煤或者木头这样的固体燃料只能在表面燃烧，因为只有表面接触空气。
例 2：computers, which have many advantages, can not carry out creative work and replace man.
尽管电脑有很多优势，也不能代替人进行创造性工作。
例3：they are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every chinese and for which many chinese have laid down their lives.
他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，许多中国人曾为这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
３．直译和意译组合。
句子结构基本保持不变，要改变的往往是个别的句子成分。
例1：the new designs should offer even greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place.
新的设计应使地震频发的城市更为安全（even greater security）。
例2：we can surely overcome these difficulties so long as we are closely united.
只要我们紧密地团结一致，一定能克服这些困难的。
英译汉微观的翻译技巧：
1、选词用字：指的是对原文正确理解的基础上，选择正确的用词。
例1：his eyes sparked with fury.
spark （动词）发火花，发电花； （名词）火花，火星。
fury （名词）狂怒。
他两眼冒着怒火。
例2：every life has its roses and thorns.
rose 玫瑰； thorn 刺，荆棘。
生活有苦也有甜。
2、增益法：主要是指增加原文中无其形而有其意的字。
例1：the war made a man of him.
make a……of sb 把某人变成一个……
战争把他锻炼成一个堂堂的男人。
例2：reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
读书使人充实，辩论使人机智，写作使人精确。
例3：we won’t attack unless attacked.
这里面unless后面省略了we are.翻译的时候同样要补充上。
人不犯我，我不犯人。
3、省略法：根据需要省略形式主语、形式宾语、系动词、代词、连词、冠词、以及重复的名词、动词等。
例1：off with your shoes before entering this holy building!
在进入这所神圣的殿堂之前，请把鞋脱掉。
例2： we agreed in this article but not in that one.
我们在这一条款上是一致的，但在另一条款上有分歧。
例3：it will be all right, if he’s awake. and if not?
如果他睡醒了，那很好。但是如果没有呢？
4、词类转换法，指把原文当中词的词性译成中文时转换成其它词性。
例1：in fact, he is a great admirer of the americans.
翻译时句子中的：great形容词变成副词；admirer 名词变成动词。
他对美国人佩服得五体投地。
例2：i didn’t see what he meant.
翻译时句子中的： mean动词变成名词。
不明白他的意思。
例3：there is no escaping from history.
翻译时句子中的： escaping 词性是动名词变成动词。
任何事物都逃脱不了历史的裁决。
5、正反互译：是指为了符合中文的表达习惯，要把英文的肯定变成中文的否定式；或者把英文的否定式变成中文的肯定式。
例1：she is too clever to let herself be cheated by the boy’s words.
她很聪明，她决不会被那个男孩儿的话所骗。
例2：i wish the speaker would confine himself to the subject.
我希望那个演讲者不要跑神儿。
例3：i didn’t go to bed until my mother came back.
我一直到母亲回来才去睡觉。
例4：you will not get any current until you connect up the cells of the battery.
你把电池组连接起来才能有电。
例5：you are a student, aren’t you?
你是一个学生，对吗？
6、词序颠倒法：为了便于表达，要将原文中的词序或句子成分顺序颠倒。d}@)PL=.W&O$pE6t(此_资_料_转_贴_于_学_习_网_外语园地_公共英语等级考试]hTtP://wWw.reader8.net/exam/d}@)PL=.W&O$pE6t
例1：five times what number makes twenty?
什么数的五倍是二十？
例2：the teacher allocated a part to each boy in the play.
老师给每个男孩儿都分配了一个戏中的角色。
2．英译汉示例
a.
once outside the atmosphere, however, man is no longer protected, and radiation can be harmful in a number of ways. a distinction must be drawn between the short- and long-term effects of radiation. the former are merely unpleasant, but just because an astronaut returning from a journey in space does not seem to have been greatly harmed, we cannot assume that he is safe. the long-term effects can be extremely serious, even leading to death.
一旦进入大气层外，人们就得不到保护，辐射可能给人带来各种形式的危害。
one solution to the dangers of radiation is to protect the spaceship by putting some kind of shield around it. this was in fact done on the apollo spaceships which landed on the moon. but this solution is not possible for longer journeys-to mars for example-because the shield would need to be very large, and could not be carried. another solution, not in fact possible at present, would be to surround the spaceship with a magnetic field to deflect the radiation. in all, we have to conclude that there is at present no complete solution to the problem of radiation.
解决辐射危害的一个方法，就是通过覆盖某种防护物来保护飞船。
b．
the package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at. modern travelers enjoy a level of comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in the old days couldn’t have dreamed of. but what’s the sense of this mass exchange of populations if the nations of the world remain basically ignorant of each other?
但是如果世界上的民族相互之间仍然不了解，这样的大规模的人口交流又有什么意义？
carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous. wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact that all people are human. we are all similar to each other and at the same time all unique.
随意地下结论能引起民族仇恨，使我们认识不到这个基本的事实——所有的民族都是平等的。
c．
lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. it is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. and what fun they often are, too! just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway byelaws while waiting for a train? would you like to read only closely printed columns of news in your daily paper? a cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities.
许多人假称他们从没有看过广告，这种说法非常值得怀疑。在当今，不看广告几乎是不可能的。他们也真搞笑！
we must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. the fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!
我们也一定不能忘记，广告对我们的钱袋子确实做出了贡献。
another thing we mustn’t forget is the “small ads.” which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. what a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. for instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the “hatch, match and dispatch” column .
另一件我们不该忘记的是“小广告”，实际上在每份报纸和杂志中都可看到。这些小广告为整个社会提供了多少有益的服务啊！
17. （一旦作出承诺），you should keep it.
答案：once you make a promise
解析：这句话的意思是一旦作出承诺，就要遵守诺言。once连词，意思为“一旦”。此外，还可以作为副词，表示“一次”。
18. (他过去经常晚上来我家)for a cup of coffee.
答案：he used to come to my home in the evening
解析：这句话的意思是他过去经常晚上来我家喝上一杯咖啡。used to do sth表示过去常常做某事。
19.the earlier the better, (对我来说)
答案：as far as i am concerned
解析：这句话的意思是对我来说，越早越好。as far as …concerned表示“就… 来说，就…而言”。
20．he is old enough to （照顾自己）。
答案：take care of himself
解析：这句话的意思是他够大了，可以照顾自己了。old enough to 表示“大到足够….”。
21.take the money with you (以防有意外发生)。
答案：in case something unexpected happens
解析：这句话的意思是把这些钱带上，以防有意外发生。in case 为固定搭配，意思是“以防，以免”。
22.(无论干什么)，we must carry out our duties.
答案：no matter what we do
解析：这句话的意思是无论干什么，我们都应履行自己的职责。no matter 表示“不管，无论”。
23．he is used to (晚睡晚起)。
答案：going to bed late and getting up late
解析：这句话的意思是他习惯晚睡晚起。be used to doing sth固定搭配，意思是“习惯于做某事”。
24.he turned on the tv (一回到家)。
答案：as soon as he got home
解析：这句话的意思是他一回到家就打开了电视。as soon as为“一．．．就．．．”。
25.he’d rather stay alone (也不愿去参加晚会)。
答案：than go to the party
解析：这句话的意思是他宁愿一个人呆着也不愿去参加晚会。would rather do sth than do sth为固定句型，意思是“宁愿做．．．而不做．．．”。
26.the students demand that (图书馆周末开放)。
答案：the library be open at weekends
解析：这句话的意思是学生要求图书馆周末开放。demand意思为“要求”,后面接从句时，从句的谓语形式为should do，其中should可以省略。.
27.（很可能）he will give up in despair．
答案：it is likely that
解析：这句话的意思是他很可能在绝望中放弃。it is likely that＋从句，为固定句型，表示“很可能．．．”．
28.no sooner had he entered the room (就停电了)。
答案：than the electricity went off
解析：这句话的意思是他一进门就停电了。no sooner … than …为固定句型，意思是＂一．．．就．．．＂。no sooner引导的句子要采用部分倒装。
29. （亨利创作的艺术品）are better than his brother’s.
答案：the art works created by henry
解析：这句话的意思是亨利创作的艺术品比他兄弟的要好.
30. （她一拿到成绩）, she went to tell his parents.
答案：as soon as she got her marks,
解析：这句话的意思是她一拿到成绩，就去告诉父母。as soon as 为“一… 就…”。
31．he went on playing the violin (就好像什么事都没发生一样)
答案：as if nothing had happened
解析：这句话的意思是他继续拉琴，好像什么事都没发生一样。as if 为固定搭配，意思是“好像”，其后接的从句要用虚拟语气。在本题中，是对过去情况的虚拟，所以用的是过去完成时。
32.as his classmate, you should help him (而不是嘲笑他)。
答案：instead of laughing at him
解析：这句话的意思是作为同学，你应该帮助他，而不是嘲笑他。instead of 为“而不是，代替”，后面接名词或者动名词形式。
33.tell me why you want this medicine, (不然我不给你)。
答案：otherwise i won’t give you any.
解析：这句话的意思是告诉我你为什么要这种药，不然我不给你。otherwise为连词，表示“否则”。
34.(正是在这个小房间里) that they work diligently.
答案：it is in that small room
解析：这句话的意思是就是在那间斗室里，他们辛勤地工作着。it is … that …为强调句型，
35．he is too busy (没注意这种小事)。
答案：to pay attention to such small things.
解析：这句话的意思是他太忙了，没有注意这种小事。be too busy to do sth 为固定句型，意思为“太忙了而没有做某事”。
36．yesterday he spent the whole afternoon (在计算机旁工作)。
答案：working at the computer
解析：这句话的意思是他昨天整个下午都在计算机旁工作。spend 时间 ＋doing sth 为固定用法，意思为“花时间做某事”。
37.the book is so famous (被翻译成多种语言)。
答案：that it is translated into many languages
解析：这句话的意思是这本书非常有名，被翻译成了多种语言。so 形容词＋that．．．为固定句型，意为＂如此．．．以至于．．．”。
38. you should give them a reply (尽早)。
答案: as soon as possible
解析：这句话的意思是你应该尽早给他们一个答复。as soon as possible固定搭配，为“尽快”。
39.we are looking forward to (观看世界杯)。
答案：watching the world cup.
解析：这句话的意思是我们盼望看世界杯。be looking forward to doing sth 为固定用法，意为“盼望做某事”。
40. not only is he a great scientist, (而且在音乐上颇有造诣)。
答案：but also he is quite good at music.
解析：这句话的意思他不仅是个伟大的科学家，而且在音乐上也颇有造诣。not only … but also…连接两个并列成分，表示“不仅．．．而且．．．”
41. he posted the letter early in the morning (为的是让她下午能收到)。
答案：so that she could receive it in the afternoon
解析：这句话的意思是他一大清早就把信寄出去了，为的是让她下午能收到。so that 引导目的状语从句。
42．（据报道）the building of the railway is stopped.
答案：it is reported that
解析：这句话的意思是据报道，那条铁路停止修建了。it is reported that 从句，为固定句型，意为“据报道....”.
43.(看起来) he is in great trouble.
答案：it appears that
解析：这句话的意思是他看起来好像麻烦很大。it appears that 从句，为固定句型，意为“看起来．．．”。
44.(我刚离开那个地方) when it blew up.
答案：hardly had i left the place
解析：这句话的意思是我刚离开，那个地方就爆炸了。hardly do sth when 为固定句型，表示“一．．．就．．．”，其中hardly引导的从句的谓语要用部分倒装形式。
45. no matter what the final decision is, (结果不是这样就是相反)。
答案：the result is either this way or the opposite
解析：这句话的意思是不管最后决定如何，结果不是这样就是相反。“either… or …”为固定句型，意思为“或者．．．或者．．．，不是．．．就是．．．”．
46.（考虑到他的家庭背景），it is very difficult for him to enter college.
答案：considering his family background
解析：这句话的意思是考虑到他的家庭背景，他要考上大学是很不容易的。considering后面可接名词，也可接从句，表示“考虑到．．．，鉴于．．．”．
47.as long as you keep trying,(你迟早会解决这个难题的)。
答案：you will solve this problem sooner or later
解析：这句话的意思是只要你不断努力，你迟早会解决这个难题的。sooner or later为“迟早”。
48.(他确信)that he knew every word by heart.
答案: he made sure
解析：这句话的意思是他确信自己记熟了每一个单词。make sure 为固定搭配，后接从句，表示“确信，确定”。
49．（既然你没有其它事情做），why not stay for dinner?
答案：since you have nothing else to do
解析：这句话的意思是既然你没有其它事情，为什么不留下来吃饭？since为“因为，既然”，连接状语从句，表示原因。
50. in the course of production, these factories must （防止废水流入河里）。
答案：prevent the waste water from getting into the river.
解析：这句话的意思是在生产过程中，这些工厂必须防止废水流入河里。prevent sb/sth from doing sth为固定用法，意思是“防止某人／某物做某事”。
