全文翻译
甘地的和平主义在某种程度上可以与他的其他教义区分开来。其动机是宗教性质的，但他也说这是一种明显的技巧，一种方法，它可以产生预期的政治效果。甘地的态度不同于大多数西方和平主义者的态度。satyagraha——这个由甘地提出并付诸实践的方法，最早起源于南非，是一种非暴力的斗争方式，用既不伤害对方又不会引发仇恨的手段打败敌人。它包括诸如公民抗议、罢工、卧轨、忍受警方的指控既不逃跑也不还击等等。甘地反对把“satyagraha”翻译为“消极抵抗”，在古吉拉特语中，这个词的意思好像是“真理的坚定性”。早年间，在布尔战争期间甘地曾经为英方抬过担架，而且在1914-1918年战争期间他又准备这么做。即使在他彻底放弃暴力之后，他仍然很诚实地认识到在战争中必须要有明确的立场。由于他的整个政治生涯都在为民族独立而斗争，因此他不能，而且也确实没有采取毫无意义的、不诚实的态度，假装说在所有战争中参战双方完全一样，因而谁获得胜利都无所谓。他也没有像大多数西方和平主义者一样，专门躲避棘手的问题。对于战争，每一个和平主义者都有明确义务去回答的一个问题是：“犹太人怎么办?你准备看到他们被灭绝吗？”我必须说，我从未从任何一个西方和平主义者那里听到过对该问题的诚实的答复，但是却听见了大量的躲闪之词，通常都是“你是另外一回事”之类的回答。甘地在1938年也被问到了类似的问题。他的回答被收录在路易斯·费舍尔先生所著的《甘地和斯大林》一书中。据费舍尔先生记载，甘地认为德国犹太人应该选择集体自杀，“以唤起世界和德国人对希特勒暴政的认识”。
section ⅲ writing
part a
51. directions:
you read an advertisement on beijing weekly,in which a foreign company is looking for a secretary. write a letter to the personnel department of the company telling them about
1) your age,
2) your educational background,
3) your work experience.
you should write about 100 words neatly on answer sheet 2. do not sign your own name. use “li ming” instead. you do not need to write the address. (10 points)
范文
dear SUN xue,
we are very glad to receive your letter commenting on too much violence in tv programs and films. now i am writing back on behalf of the evening paper to express our sincere gratitude to you.
your letter has drawn our attention to the problem of media programs. we think it extremely important that the public should be alarmed to it as well. therefore, we would like to have your letter published next week in our paper, followed by an editorial, which, i am sure, will arouse attention from common people as well as the program makers concerned.
again we would like to express our appreciation to your consideration and we are looking forward to your letters in future.
yours truly,
li ming
part b
52. directions:
now more people are buying lottery tickets. study the following charts carefully and write an article on the topic of lottery. in your article, you should cover the following points:
1) describe the phenomenon;
2) analyze the phenomenon, and give your comments on it.
you should write about 200 words neatly on answer sheet 2. (20 points)
一、 审题谋篇
本题为图表加提纲式作文。写图表式作文的关键之一是把握指导语，因为它给出了作文的基本要求，指出了写作的方向；其次是对图表中的相关数据进行描述、分析和评论，它们往往是写作的材料或论据。由本题的指导语可知：文章要求联系图表以彩票为话题，对越来越多的人喜欢买彩票这一现象发表评论。作文的基本框架应为：（一）描述现象；（二）分析现象；（三）发表你的看法。其次，两个图表显示的是两个调查结果。图表一反映了北京、上海、广州三个城市里梦想有一天中500万的人的比例，平均为70％。图表二反映了中奖后，人们想做的事。由分析可知，图表一可用于描述现象，图表二可用于分析现象，作为支持论点（支持或反对买彩票）的论据。
二、 参考范文
nowadays, more and more people, especially in big cities, become interested in buying lottery tickets. according to chart 1, averagely 70 percent of those polled in the survey, held in three big cities, claimed to have dreamed of winning the big prize of five-million yuan. 85 percent of those polled in guangzhou had had such a dream, compared with 65 percent and 60 percent, respectively, in beijing and shanghai.
the attraction of buying lottery tickets is obvious. the winner can get the biggest profit for the future with only a small investment. it realizes the beautiful dream of every participant-to be richer and to improve living standards. as is shown in chart 2, should they win a big lottery, 81.3% of people would buy a new house, 61.9% would buy a car, and 61.7% would save the money for the education of themselves or their kids. and a great proportion of people say they would put the money in the bank or use it for investment or touring. despite all the attractions brought by the lottery buying, it has also come under criticism. some regard it as a kind of gambling, which is a potentially addictive behaviour.
in my opinion, buying lottery tickets is not so bad as some people think. instead, it is good for society by creating new jobs and representing an important source of income for charity and sports causes. of course, it is not a means of making money for individuals we should encourage, because the result is hardly predictable. therefore, we should take a positive but cautious attitude towards lottery buying behavior.
text 4
the world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. the process sweeps from hyperactive america to europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying：“won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anticompetitive force？”
there’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982.today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. international affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. in argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. this phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.
i believe that the most important forces behind the massive m&a wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer’s demands. all these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. as productivity grows, the world’s wealth increases.
examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the u.s., when the standard oil trust was broken up. the mergers of telecom companies, such as worldcom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. on the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. in cars, too, concentration is increasing—witness daimler and chrysler, renault and nissan—but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.
yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. a few weeks ago, alan greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? won’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? and should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the u.s. vs. microsoft case?
63．what is the typical trend of businesses today?
［a］to take in more foreign funds［b］to invest more abroad
［c］to combine and BECome bigger［d］to trade with more countries
64．according to the author, one of the driving forces behind m&a wave is .
［a］the greater customer demands［b］a surplus supply for the market
［c］a growing productivity［d］the increase of the world’s wealth
65．from paragraph 4 we can infer that .
［a］the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
［b］worldcom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
［c］the costs of the globalization process are enormous
［d］the standard oil trust might have threatened competition
66．toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitude can be said to be .
［a］optimistic［b］objective［c］pessimistic［d］biased
核心词汇：
acquisition［9akwi5zifen］n.取得，学到，养成（习惯）；获得的东西（ac quis ition名词后缀）
affiliate［e5filieit］v.使隶属（或附属）于n.附属机构，分公司（af fili ate）
barrier［5barie］n.栅栏,屏障;障碍（物）（barr栅栏 ier）
beneficial［9beni5fifel］a.（to）有利的,有益的（benefic ial形容词后缀）
concentration［9kcnsen5treifen］n.专心，专注；集中，集结；浓度（concentrate ion名词后缀→集中）
detrimental［7detri5mentl］a.有害的（detriment损害，危害 al→危害的）
gigantic［dvai5gantik］a.巨大的,庞大的
hyperactive［7haipe(:)5raktiv］a.活动过度的（hyper active活动的）;hper前缀“超过；过度”（h脱落，元音y变u，即为uper），active活跃的。
infringement［in5frindvent］n.违反, 侵害(n fringe ment)in否定前缀，fringe（边缘；刘海；穗），ment名词后缀，已经“不”在“边缘”→侵入内部→侵害；infringe（v.侵害）←in fringe
massive［5masiv］a.大而重的,厚实的,粗大的;大规模的,大量的（mass ive形容词后缀）
multinational［mqlti5nafenel］a./n.跨国公司；跨国公司的(ulti national),multi前缀“多”（如multiple→multi ple倍→v.加倍；多倍的；倍数），national国家的。
pessimistic［9pesi5mistik］a.悲观的(essimist ic)pessimist悲观主义者，ic形容词后缀
phenomenon［fi5ncminen］n.现象,稀有现象,珍品,奇迹,杰出人才
resort［ri5zc:t］v.凭借,求助,诉诸n.度假胜地,手段
supervise［5sju:pevaiz］vt.监督，管理；指导(uper在上面 vis看 e动词后缀→在上面看→监督)
surpass［se:5pa:s］vt.超过,胜过（sur超过 pass→通过并超过→胜过）
sweep［swi:p］v.扫,打扫;席卷,冲光;扫过,掠过
unsurpassed［5qnse:5pb:st］a.凌驾的, 非常卓越的,超越的(n surpass ed)un否定前缀，surpass（v.超过）←sur前缀“超” pass过，ed形容词后缀。
witness［5witnis］n.目击者,证人;证据,证明v.目击,目睹;作证（wit知 ness名词后缀→知情者）
主讲：汪江涛
欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材
一、
1、introduction：
1） general description：
2） details 1, 2, 3：
3） caption/symbolic meaning：
2、body：
1）topic sentence：symbolic meaning
2）argument：
（1） cause and effect
（2） exemplification：
a. numerous examples can be given, but this/these will suffice.
b. i can think of no better illustration than the following one(s).
c. this/these case(s) effectively clarify that…
3）summary：
3、conclusion：
1）concluding sentence：
2）suggestions 1、2：
3）only in this way can we solve this problem.
it is high time that we solved this problem.
二、启承转合：
1、启：启动观点、开篇点题
2、承：观点承接、正面论证
first(ly), in the first place, to begin with, first and foremost, above all, on the one hand, for one thing,
second(ly), in the second place, besides, in addition, what is more, furthermore, moreover, on the other hand, for another
last(ly)，（the）last but not (the)least, more importantly, even worse,
3、转：观点转折、反面论证
conversely, nevertheless, unfortunately, whereas, yet, instead, in/by comparison/contrast, on the contrary,
4、合：文章结尾、合并归纳
as a result/consequence, consequently, accordingly, thus, hence, generally/briefly speaking,
三、词汇攻略
1、5m, 30m, 12h, 1、2、4、7、15d （10天搞定考研词汇）
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
上
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
ah
bi
cj
晚
a
ab
bc
acd
bde
cef
dfg
egh
fhi
gij
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
上
d
e
f
g
ah
bi
cj
d
e
f
晚
hj
i
j
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
上
g
h
i
j
a
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
上
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
2、20天搞定考研词汇
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
上
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
ah
bi
cj
晚
a
ab
bc
acd
bde
cef
dfg
egh
fhi
gij
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
上
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
上
bq
cr
ds
et
f
g
h
i
j
k
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
上
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
J,w]e6? r}A A ( 3COME考试频道 考研一方考研英语 ) J,w]e6? r}A A hTTp://wWw.reader8.net/exam/
四、潜词造句四大要素
1、accuracy：extensive (a wide range of) knowledge, fierce competition
2、variety：
1）认为
（1）i hold the opinion that, as far as i am concerned,
（2）cling to the idea, in my opinion/view, point out,
（3）maintain, reckon, assert, hold, claim, emphasize, insist, suppose, assume
2）重要
（1） due attention has to be paid to, importance should be attached to,
（2） be of great importance/significance
（3） vital, essential, crucial, significant
3）越来越多的人people in growing/expanding/increasing/mounting numbers
4）为了for the purpose of, aim to/at, in a bid to
3、difficulty：primary/fundamental factors/causes.
4、splendor：
1） my eyes were sparkling with delight.
2） he flied into a stormy rage.
3） i fell into the abyss of unspeakable pain.
4） such is human nature, that a great many people are willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of BEComing white-collar workers.
五、句子写法
1、五大句型
1）i succeed.
2）i like ldy.
3）ly is smart.
4）wei xiaobao gave ake an english dictionary.
5）tulongdao made many people selfish.
2、名词从句
1） the fact that a great many senior citizens are ill-treated indicates/suggests that this issue is extremely serious.
2） what they fail to understand is that respecting the elderly is a traditional virtue of chinese culture.
3、扩写法we, students from bu, one of the best universities in beijing, which is the most beautiful city in china, the greatest country in the world, are singing a pop song named xss SUNg by hua’er, who is the favorite singer of old fish, after we played mj the whole night.
六、亮点设置
1、活用词汇
1）natural disasters claim hundreds of lives every year.
2）i do appreciate your efforts.
3）once in front of me, lay a real chance. yet, i did not value it. not until the moment i lost it, did i realize how regretful i was. if god gave me another opportunity, i would never stop making progress.
4）i sat outside in the hall. everything inside me has gone away. i didn’t think. i could not think. i knew she was leaving me, but i prayed she not. (ernest hemingway: the sun also rises)
2、平行排比a culture can be accepted, respected, appreciated and shared.
3、术语表达environmental protection/awareness
4、词组运用with due consideration of, take into account/consideration
5、句型框架
1） （中文）
（1） 只有这样下岗工人才能彻底摆脱贫困并且重新获得他们生命中的尊严。
（2） 总而言之，只有长期学习才有助于你掌握大的词汇量。
（3） 考虑到上述所有论证，政府早就该实行改革把传统教育模式转变为素质教育。
2） （英译文）
（1）only in this way can laid-off workers completely shrug off poverty and regain their dignity in life.
（2）in conclusion, it is persistent work that is conducive to your grasping a large/considerable vocabulary.
（3）given all the above arguments, it is high time that the authorities enforced reforms to convert traditional education strategy into education for all-round development/quality-oriented education.
6、名人名言 as john f. kennedy put it, “ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.”
7、英语谚语
1） just as an old saying goes, “all work and no play make jack a dull boy.”
2） just as an old saying goes, “god only helps those who help themselves.”（天助自助者/自助者天助之！）
七、书信格式
（一）称呼
1、写给机构：dear sir or madam,
2、写给个人：dear＋人名,
（二）正文：3段、7句左右、100－120词、3－5关联词、3－5从句
1、第一段：1－2句
1）自我介绍
（1）工作人员：05：i am a staff member from your company/corporation.
06： i am a staff member from motorola（china）electronics ltd.
（2）学生：i am a freshman/sophomore/junior/senior/undergraduate/graduate from the department of chinese language and literature of beijing university.
2）写作目的：
（1）样题：i am writing the letter in purpose of ordering some books.
（2）05：i am writing to inform you that i wish to resign from my current post/position.
2、第二段：3－6句
1）改写提纲一：1句
2）改写提纲二：1句
3）改写提纲三：1句
