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2009年考研英语考试中心6套题第二套

2008-10-04 
text 2 in studying both the recurrence of special habits or ideas in several distr ...

text 2

in studying both the recurrence of special habits or ideas in several districts, and their prevalence within each district, there come before us ever-reiterated proofs of regular causation producing the phenomena of human life, and of laws of maintenance and diffusion conditions of society, at definite stages of culture. but, while giving full importance to the evidence bearing on these standard conditions of society, let us be careful to avoid a pitfall which may entrap the unwary student. of course, the opinions and habits belonging in common to masses of mankind are to a great extent the results of sound judgment and practical wisdom. but to a great extent it is not so.

that many numerous societies of men should have believed in the influence of the evil eye and the existence of a firmament, should have sacrificed slaves and goods to the ghosts of the departed, should have handed down traditions of giants slaying monsters and men turning into beasts—all this is ground for holding that such ideas were indeed produced in men’s minds by efficient causes, but it is not ground for holding that the rites in question are profitable, the beliefs sound, and the history authentic. this may seem at the first glance a truism, but, in fact, it is the denial of a fallacy which deeply affects the minds of all but a small critical minority of mankind. popularly, what everybody says must be true, what everybody does must be right.

there are various topics, especially in history, law, philosophy, and theology, where even the educated people we live among can hardly be brought to see that the cause why men do hold an opinion, or practise a custom, is by no means necessarily a reason why they ought to do so. now collections of ethnographic evidence, bringing so prominently into view the agreement of immense multitudes of men as to certain traditions, beliefs, and usages, are peculiarly liable to be thus improperly used in direct defense of these institutions themselves, even old barbaric nations being polled to maintain their opinions against what are called modern ideas.

as it has more than once happened to myself to find my collections of traditions and beliefs thus set up to prove their own objective truth, without proper examination of the grounds on which they were actually received, i take this occasion of remarking that the same line of argument will serve equally well to demonstrate, by the strong and wide consent of nations, that the earth is flat, and night-mare the visit of a demon.

1. the author’s attitude towards the phenomena mentioned at the beginning of the text is one of _____.

[a] skepticism [b] approval [c] indifference [d] disgust

2. by “but to...it is not so”(line 7) the author implies that _____.

[a] most people are just followers of new ideas

[b] even sound minds may commit silly errors

[c] the popularly supported may be erroneous

[d] nobody is immune to the influence of errors

3.which of the following is closest in meaning to the statement “there are various... to do so” (line 17-20)?

[a] principles of history and philosophy are hard to deal with.

[b] people like to see what other people do for their own model.

[c] the educated are more susceptible to errors in their daily life.

[d] that everyone does the same may not prove they are all right.

4. which of the following did the author probably suggest?

[a] support not the most supported.

[b] deny everything others believe.

[c] throw all tradition into trashcan.

[d] keep your eyes open all the time.

5. the author develops his writing mainly by means of _____.

[a] reasoning [b] examples [c] comparisons [d] quotations

答案

1. a 2.c 3.d 4.d 5.a

总体分析

本文是一篇说明大多数人共有的特殊习惯和观念并不一定合理的看法的文章。作者驳斥了认为大家共有的就是正确的这种错误观点,提倡批判性思维。

第一段:作者指出,在研究中发现特殊的习惯和观念一定程度上反映了人类社会的某些规律,但它们并非一定是合理的判断和智慧的结果。因此我们应小心谨慎地看待它们。

第二段:许多传统和习俗的盛行,不足以说明它们的合理性和真实性。认为大家都说的话是真的,大家都做的事是对的,这是一种谬论。

第三段:在很多领域即使是受过教育的人也无法清楚地理解这一事实,即人们持有的共同观点、形成的共同习俗等不一定正确。

第四段:应在接受某种传综和信仰前对其依据仔细审视,否则会认为谬论也是真理。

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1.作者对文章开头部分所提及的现象所持的态度是_____。

[a] 怀疑 [b] 赞同 [c] 漠不关心 [d] 厌恶

[精解] 本题考查作者态度。可先将[c]项排除,因为既然作者用大量笔墨和精力来描写说明此现象,就证明了作者对于这一现象持的基本态度是关注而不是漠不关心。文章开头部分的ever-reiterated proofs,definite等词可能会误导考生选择[b]项,应注意在这些表示肯定的词语后面有一个关键的转折连词but。一般情况下,如果首段出现转折性连词,那么转折连词后面的内容才是作者强调的部分。作者转折指出:在充分强调和这些社会标准条件相关的(bearing on)证据时,我们必须小心谨慎,避免陷入常常误导粗心大意的学生的陷井(entrap the unwary student)。接下来出现了以of course为标志的让步表达:诚然,属于大多数人所共有的观念和习惯在很大程度上是合理的判断和实践智慧的结果。但该段末句再次出现but转折指出:但是在很大程度上,情况并非如此。依据该段中的逻辑标志词,可判断出作者对此现象并不持完全赞同的观点,排除[b]项。[d]项是具有明显的情感色彩的词语,而文中作者表达观点的方式非常隐晦,力求客观。[a]项为正确答案。

2.通过“但是在很大程度上并非如此”(第七行),作者暗示_____。

[a] 绝大多数的人都只是一些新观点的追随者

[b] 即使是明智的头脑也会犯愚蠢的错误

[c] 得到广泛支持的也可能是错误的

[d] 没有人能免受错误影响

[精解] 本题考查考生的推理引申能力。回答本题的关键在于理解把握but 和so两个关键词的意思和所指。其中,but是转折连词,因此这句话的内容应该与前面所述内容意思相反。so意为“这样”,常指代上文所述内容或观点。所以考生应该重点阅读理解它前面那句话,即:诚然,属于人类共有的观念和习惯在很大程度上是合理的判断和和实践智慧的结果。那么最后一句话的含义是:在很大程度上,这些人类共有的观念和习惯并不一定是合理的判断和实践智慧的结果,[c]项是其概括含义,因此为正确答案。[a]项与文章内容无关;[b]项和[d]项是对文意的曲解。

3.下面哪句话在含义上与“这有很多的...去做”(第17至20行)最接近?

[a] 诸如历史和哲学上的原则很难处理。

[b] 人们喜欢看其他人为他们自己的模范都做了些什么。

[c] 受过教育的人在日常生活中更容易受错误影响。

[d] 每个人都做同一件事并不证明大家都是对的。

[精解] 本题考查句意的理解。这是第三段的第一句话,其结构颇为复杂,主干成分是there are various topics。especially in history, law, philosophy做状语,意为“尤其是在历史、法律、哲学方面”。where even the educated people...to do so部分做定语修饰various topics。这个定语从句也是一个复合句,主干成分是even the educated people can hardly be brought to see,句中的 we live among部分做定语修饰the educated people。see后是that引导的宾语从句,其主干结构是the cause why... is by no means necessarily a reason why...,意为“...的原因决不一定非是...的理由”。其中又包含了两个由why引导的定语从句,分别修饰the cause和the reason。整个句子的大意是:对于很多话题,尤其是涉及到历史,法律和哲学方面的话题,即使是我们中间受过教育的人也很难认识到人们持有某种观念或形成某种习俗的缘由决不一定是他们这样做的理由。换言之,很多人持有的观念或形成的习俗不是必然的。再看该句的上文,即第二段末句提到,有一种谬论深深植根于人类的头脑中,认为大家都说的话肯定是真的,大家都做的事肯定是对的。可见,三段首句是延续二段末句的话题展开论述,其中hold an opinion和practise a custom对应上文中的what everybody says和what everybody does。既然是谬论,当然是不合理的。因此三段首句仍在说明:大家共有的或已有的观点和做法不一定合理。[d]项为正确答案。

在文中,作者提到历史、哲学,是为了说明人们这些方面形成的观点和形成的习俗,并未涉及它们本身的原则处理问题,所以[a]项错误,文中提到,受教育的人也免不了和常人一样有这样错误的认识,但不是更容易受错误影响,[c]项不正确。[b]项与文章内容无关。

4.下述选项中的内容哪个是作者可能建议的?

[a] 支持最不受支持的。

[b] 否定他人相信的任何事情。

[c] 将所有的传统扔进垃圾桶。

[d] 时刻保持注意。

[精解] 本题考查作者的观点。第一段作者提到,大多数人所共有的观念和习惯不一定是合理的判断和实践智慧的结果;第二至三段又提出,认为“大家都说的话肯定是真的,大家都做的事肯定是对的”是一种谬论。文章的最后提到,如果按照上述的推理方式,即大家广泛同意的观点就是对的,那么我们也可以证明地球是扁的,噩梦是恶魔的来访。由此可以看出,作者是在批驳人们思维方式上走入的误区,建议人们用一种更批判更睿智的态度看待那些已经习以为常的观点和做法。而并不建议我们彻底放弃传统、在没有确凿的证据的情况下支持或否定事物和观点。[a]、[b]和[c]项属于较偏狭的观点,不入选。

5.作者采用了何种方法展开文章?

[a] 讲道理。 [b] 举例子。 [c] 作比较。 [d] 引证。

[精解] 本题考查文章的写作方法。在文章的开始部分作者承认观点的部分合理性,转而批驳其错误性,最后得出其错误结论,贯穿全文的写作方法是讲道理。

核心词汇或超纲词汇

(1)recurrence(n.)再现,重现;循环;recur(v.);recurrent(a.)

(2)reiterate(v.)反复地说,重申,重做;iterate(v.)反复说,重申,重述

(3)diffusion(n.)扩散,传播,漫射

(4)bear on (= bear upon) 涉及;关于

(5)pitfall(n.)缺陷,失误;隐藏的危险,隐患;陷阱,圈套

(6)entrap(v.)使入陷阱;诱骗~ sb. into doing sth. 诱使某人做某事

(7)unwary(a.)不注意的,粗心的,不警惕的,易受骗的;wary(a.)机警的,谨慎的

(8)firmament(n.)天空,太空,苍天

(9)truism(n.)真实性;公认的真理,自明之理

(10)fallacy(n.)谬误,谬论;fallacious(a.)

(11)ethnography(n.)民俗学,人种学,人种志;ethno-前缀意为“种族,民族”;ethnographic(a.)

(12)demon(n.)魔鬼,极残忍的人;邪恶的事物;精力过人的人

全文翻译

在研究特殊习惯及观念在一些地区的重复出现和它们在这些地区内盛行的现象时,我们碰到了被反复重申的论证,证明了在特定的文化发展阶段,产生人类生活现象的一般因果关系,和社会维持和传播条件的规律。但是,在充分强调这些和社会标准条件相关的证据的同时,我们必须小心谨慎,避免陷入粗心大意的学生常常掉进的陷井。诚然,属于大多数人所共有的观念和习惯在很大程度上是合理的判断和实践智慧的结果,但是在很大程度上,情况并非如此。

许多的人类社会相信恶毒眼光的影响和苍天的存在,祭祀死去的魂灵并为其奉献奴隶和祭品,将巨人杀死猛兽以及人变成怪兽的传统流传下来,这些都使人们有理由相信这些想法在人脑中产生有其有效的根源,但却不能以此为依据认为我们所提及的习俗是有益的,这些信仰是合理的,历史是真实的。乍一看,这似乎像是自明之理,然而事实上,这是对一种谬论的否定:这种谬论深深植根于人类的头脑中,只有一小部分具有批判性思维的人除外。通常情况下,大家都说的话肯定是真的,大家都做的事肯定是对的。

对于很多的话题,尤其是在历史,法律,哲学和神学领域,我们中间那些甚至受过教育的人也很难理解,人们持有某种观点、形成某种习俗的原因决不一定是他们这样做的理由。现今,民俗学证据的收集使众多的人在某些传统、信仰和习惯上的一致看法突显出来,这些证据很容易被不适当地用来直接维护这些传统本身,甚至一些古老的野蛮民族也用投票方式来维护他们自己的观点,反对所谓的现代观点。

我发现自己收集一些传统观念和信仰时,在没有对接受它们的依据进行仔细审视的情况下,也是如此主张它们的客观真实性,并且这种情况不只一次发生。因此,我借此机会想说的是,以上这种推理方式同样也可以证明,地球是扁的,噩梦是恶魔的来访并且可以争得许多民族坚决而广泛的认同。

text 3

the provision of positive incentives to work in the new society will not be an easy task. but the most difficult task of all is to devise the ultimate and final sanction to replace the ultimate sanction of hunger—the economic whip of the old dispensation. moreover, in a society which rightly rejects the pretence of separating economics from politics and denies the autonomy of the economic order, that sanction can be found only in some conscious act of society. we can no longer ask the invisible hand to do our dirty work for us.

i confess that i am less horror-struck than some people at the prospect, which seems to me unavoidable, of an ultimate power of what is called direction of labour resting in some arm of society, whether in an organ of state or of trade unions. i should indeed be horrified if i identified this prospect with a return to the conditions of the pre-capitalist era. the economic whip of laissez-faire undoubtedly represented an advance on the serf-like conditions of that period: in that relative sense, the claim of capitalism to have established for the first time a system of “free” labour deserves respect. but the direction of labour as exercised in great britain in the second world war seems to me to represent as great an advance over the economic whip of the heyday of capitalist private enterprise as the economic whip represented over pre-capitalist serfdom.

much depends on the effectiveness of the positive incentives, much, too, on the solidarity and self-discipline of the community. after all, under the system of laissez-faire capitalism the fear of hunger remained an ultimate sanction rather than a continuously operative force. it would have been intolerable if the worker had been normally driven to work by conscious fear of hunger; nor, except in the early and worst days of the industrial revolution, did that normally happen. similarly in the society of the future the power of direction should be regarded not so much as an instrument of daily use but rather as an ultimate sanction held in reserve where voluntary methods fail. it is inconceivable that, in any period or in any conditions that can now be foreseen, any organ of state in great britain would be in a position, even if it had the will, to marshal and deploy the labour force over the whole economy by military discipline like an army in the field. this, like other nightmares of a totally planned economy, can be left to those who like to frighten themselves and others with scarecrows.

1. the word “sanction”(line 2, paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.

[a] corrective measures [b] encouraging methods

[c] preventive efforts [d] revolutionary actions

2. which of the following is implied in the first paragraph?

[a] people used to be forced to work under whips.

[b] the author dislikes the function of politics in economy.

[c] incentives are always less available than regulations.

[d] people have an instinct of working less and getting more.

3. the author’s attitudes towards future, as is indicated in the beginning of the second paragraph, is one of______.

[a] reluctant acceptance [b] sheer pessimism

[c] mild optimism [d] extreme hopefulness

4. the author of the text seems to oppose the idea of______.

[a] free market [b] military control

[c] strict regulations [d] unrestrained labors

5. the last sentence of the text indicates the author’s______.

[a] hatred [b] affection [c] stubbornness [d] rejection

答案

1.a 2.b 3.a 4.c 5.d

总体分析

本文是一篇经济类文章,介绍了旧的强制性经济激励手段已经不适用现代社会。

第一段:指出旧的分配方式中的经济激励手段——饥饿处罚已经不能再发挥作用。

第二段:分析指出自由放任资本主义制度下经济激励手段的发展。

第三段:指出在未来社会中强制性的激励手段只能被看作是备用的手段。

试题精解

1.第一段第二行的单词“sanction”最接近的含义是_______。

[a] 改进措施 [b] 鼓励方法 [c] 预防措施 [d] 革命行动

[精解] 本题考查词义的理解。对sanction一词的理解依赖于对整个第一段的理解。第一段第二句提到sanction of hunger,其上文即第一句提到positive incentives(正面激励),第二句以but为标志出现转折。因此,sanction of hunger与“正面激励”应该是相对照的。第一段最后一句又提到,不能再要求这只无形的手替我们做“惹人讨厌的工作”了。这里“无形的手”指的是上文提到的“sanction of hunger”,由此可知它做的是“惹人讨厌的工作”。综合以上线索,sanction应是一种“负面手段”,通过比如饥饿这样的处罚来达到改善、改进的目的。因此该词最接近的含义是[a]。

2. 下面哪一个在第一段中有所暗示?

[a] 人们过去常常在鞭子下被迫工作。

[b] 作者不喜欢政治在经济方面的功能。

[c] 激励措施总是没有规则那么容易制定。

[d] 人们有一种少工作多赚钱的本能需要。

[精解] 本题考查推理引申。第一段第二句提到,要找到一种新的经济激励手段来取代传统的饥饿处罚。该段第三句分析了饥饿处罚不再起作用的社会原因,即,这个新社会将经济与政治混为一谈,否认经济秩序的自治权。因此作者对于政治对经济的干预是反感的,[b]在第一段中有所暗示。这种暗示在第二段第一句中“我承认对于社会某个部门可能拥有劳动力管理的最终权力感到恐惧”得到了证实。[a]是根据文中出现的whip(鞭)一词编造出来的选项。其实,whip在本文中是比喻用法,指的是“激励、鞭策手段”。文中只提到incentives,但未将它与regulations作比较,[c]错误。[d]在文中未涉及。

3.第二段开始部分表明,作者看待未来的态度是_________。

[a] 不情愿的接受

[b] 完全的悲观主义

[c] 适度的乐观主义

[d] 满怀希望

[精解] 本题考查作者态度。根据题干定位到第二段开始部分。题干中的future与文中prospect是同义替换。该部分提到,“我承认对于社会某个部门拥有称之为劳动力管理的最终权力的前景,并不像某些人那样觉得恐惧,虽然,恐惧对我来说也是不可避免的”。显然,作者的态度既不乐观也不悲观,只是勉强地接受这种现实。[a]正确。

4.本文作者似乎反对的_____。

[a] 自由市场 [b] 军事控制 [c] 严格的规定[d] 不受限制的劳动力

[精解] 本题考查作者观点。第三段倒数第四句提到,在未来社会中,管理的权力应当被看作备用的一种最严厉的制裁,只有在自愿的方法不管用的时候才使用。该段最后两句则通过打比方的手法指出,过于严格的手段就像通过军队纪律集结和部署劳动力一样。它是像计划经济一样的恶梦。因此可知,[c]是作者反对的。第二段第三句提到,自由放任主义(laissez-faire)的经济激励手段代表了那个时代的发展(an advance);资本主义宣称第一次建立的“自由”劳动力(“free” labour)体制值得尊重。可见作者对[a]给予了肯定。[b]只在打比方时提到,不是文中的主要内容。[d]未提及。

5.文章最后一句话表明了作者的______。

[a] 仇恨 [b] 喜爱 [c] 固执 [d] 拒绝

[精解] 本题考查句意理解。文章最后一句提到,这种像计划经济一样的梦魇,可以留给那些喜欢用稻草人吓自己或吓别人的人。其中this指的是上文“通过军队纪律集结和部署全世界的经济劳动力”。nightmare(恶梦、梦魇)一词表明作者对这种“强制性的经济管理手段”予以否定和拒绝。[d]正确。

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核心词汇或超纲词汇

(1)provision(n.)提供,供给,如the ~ of housing提供住房

(2)sanction(n.)制裁;约束;处罚

(3)whip(n.)鞭子(本文中喻指激励措施)

(4)dispensation(n.)分发,分配

(5)dirty work 讨厌的工作,卑鄙龌龊的事

(6)arm(n.)(单数形式,与of sth.搭配)分部,职能部门,如the research ~ of the company(公司的科研部门)

(7)heyday(n.)全盛期

(8)in reserve储备,备用,如the money was being kept ~ for their retirement.(他们把钱存着以备退休后使用。)

(9)marshal(v.)集结,收集,整理,安排,如to ~ forces/one’s thoughts(集结队伍/整理想法)

全文翻译

在这个新的社会中,对工作给予正面的激励并不是一件轻松容易的任务,然而最困难的是找到一种最严厉的处罚来取代饥饿处罚——旧的分配方式中的经济激励手段。此外,在一个理所当然地拒绝假装将经济与政治分离开来,并且否认经济秩序自治权的社会中,这种处罚(即,饥饿处罚)只能在一些有意为之的社会行为中找到。我们不能再要求这只无形的手替我们做 “惹人讨厌的工作”了。

我承认对于社会某个部门,不管是国家机构还是工会组织的机构,拥有称之为劳动力管理的最终权力的前景,并不像某些人那样觉得恐惧,虽然,恐惧对我来说也是不可避免的。如果将这种前景等同于回到前资本主义时代,那么我的确应该觉得十分恐惧。自由放任主义的经济激励手段毫无疑问代表了那个时代向类似农奴状态的发展:相对意义上来说,资本主义宣称第一次建立的“自由”劳动力体制值得尊重。但是,英国在二战中实行的对劳动力的管理对于我来说,如同代表前资本主义农奴制的经济激励手段一样,似乎也代表了资本主义私人企业全盛时期经济激励手段的巨大进步。

对正面激励效果的依赖与对集体的团结一致和自我约束的依赖一样多。毕竟,在自由放任资本主义制度下,对饥饿的恐惧仍然是一种最严厉的处罚,而不是一股持续有效的力量。如果工人被有意识的对饥饿的恐惧感驱赶着去工作,那是不可容忍的,而且除了在工业革命早期最糟糕的阶段,这种事情也通常不会发生。同样,在未来的社会中,管理的权力不应当被视为一项日常使用的工具,而应当被看作备用的一种最严厉的制裁,只有在自愿的方法不管用的时候才使用。很难想象,在任何现在可预见的时期或条件下,任何英国国家机构处于这样一种处境:像在战场上的军队一样通过军队纪律集结和部署全世界的经济劳动力。这种像计划经济一样的恶梦,可以留给那些喜欢用稻草人吓自己或吓别人的人。

text 4

over the last decade, demand for the most common cosmetic surgery procedures, like breast enlargements and nose jobs, has increased by more than 400 percent. according to dr. dai davies, of the plastic surgery partnership in hammersmith, the majority of cosmetic surgery patients are not chasing physical perfection. rather, they are driven to fantastic lengths to improve their appearance by a desire to look normal. “what we all crave is to look normal, and normal is what is prescribed by the advertising media and other external pressures. they give us a perception of what is physically acceptable and we feel we must look like that.”

in america, the debate is no longer about whether surgery is normal; rather, it centres on what age people should be before going under the knife. new york surgeon dr. gerard imber recommends “maintenance” work for people in their thirties. “the idea of waiting until one needs a heroic transformation is silly,” he says. “by then, you’ve wasted 20 great years of your life and allowed things to get out of hand.” dr. imber draws the line at operating on people who are under 18, however. “it seems that someone we don’t consider old enough to order a drink shouldn’t be considering plastic surgery.”

in the uk cosmetic surgery has long been seen as the exclusive domain of the very rich and famous. but the proportionate cost of treatment has fallen substantially, bringing all but the most advanced laser technology within the reach of most people. dr. davies, who claims to “cater for the average person”, agrees. he says:“i treat a few of the rich and famous and an awful lot of secretaries. of course, £3,000 for an operation is a lot of money. but it is also an investment for life which costs about half the price of a good family holiday.”

dr. davies suspects that the increasing sophistication of the fat injecting and removal techniques that allow patients to be treated with a local anaesthetic in an afternoon has also helped promote the popularity of cosmetic surgery. yet, as one woman who recently paid £2,500 for liposuction to remove fat from her thighs admitted, the slope to becoming a cosmetic surgery veteran is a deceptively gentle one. “i had my legs done because they’d been bugging me for years. but going into the clinic was so low key and effective it whetted my appetite. now i don’t think there’s any operation that i would rule out having if i could afford it.”

1. according to the text, the reason for cosmetic surgery is to _____.

[a] be physically healthy [b] look more normal

[c] satisfy appetite [d] be accepted by media

2. according to the third paragraph, dr. davies implies that_____.

[a] cosmetic surgery, though costly, is worth having

[b] cosmetic surgery is too expensive

[c] cosmetic surgery is necessary even for the average person

[d] cosmetic surgery is mainly for the rich and famous

3. the statement “draws the line at operating on people” (line 3, paragragh 2) is closest in meaning to_____.

[a] removing wrinkles from the face [b] helping people make up

[c] enjoying operating [d] refusing to operate

4. it can be inferred from the text that____.

[a] it is wise to have cosmetic surgery under 18

[b] cosmetic surgery is now much easier

[c] people tend to abuse cosmetic surgery

[d] the earlier people have cosmetic surgery, the better they will be

5. the text is mainly about _____.

[a] the advantage of having cosmetic surgery

[b] what kind of people should have cosmetic surgery

[c] the reason why cosmetic surgery is so popular

[d] the disadvantage of having cosmetic surgery

答案

1.b 2.a 3.d 4.b 5.c

总体分析

本文介绍了现代社会美容手术的普及及其原因。

第一段:引用专家的话指出大多数人做美容手术的目的。

第二段:引用专家的话指出适合做美容手术的年龄。

第三段:指出费用的降低促进了美容手术的普及。

第四段:技术的发展促进了美容手术的普及。

试题精解

1. 根据文章内容,做美容手术的原因是为了_________。

[a] 身体健康 [b] 看起来更正常

[c] 满足胃口 [d] 被媒体接受

[精解]本题考查事实细节。第一段第二、三句引用戴维斯博士的观点指出,大多数人做整形手术不是为了追求身体的完美,而是希望看起来比较正常(a desire to look normal)。因此[b]正确,排除[a]。该段最后部分引用戴维斯博士的话,指出正常的标准是被广告媒体等所界定的,因此它们告诉我们什么是被人认可的外观。这只能说明媒体的宣传影响了我们的审美标准,不能说明做手术最终是为了迎合媒体。[c]明显错误,它只是出现了文章中的个别词汇。

2. 根据第三段的内容,戴维斯博士暗示________。

[a] 美容手术虽然昂贵,却是值得的

[b] 美容手术太昂贵

[c] 美容手术甚至对普通人来说都是必要的

[d] 美容手术的对象主要是富人和名人

[精解]本题考查文中人物观点。第三段最后部分戴维斯博士说,“手术虽然要花很多钱,但它也是一种生活的投资。”因此可知[a]是他的观点。该段第二、三句提到,美容手术费用大幅度下降,使除了最先进的激光技术外所有的手术都面向大众。主张“面向普通人”的戴维斯博士对此表示赞同。可见,戴维斯赞同的是美容费用降低到大众可消费的水平,而没有谈及美容手术是否必要,排除[c]。[b]表述不完整,[d]显然不是主张“面向普通人”的戴维斯博士的观点。

3. 第二段第三行的“draws the line at operating on people”在含义上接近于_____。

[a] 去除脸上的皱纹 [b] 帮助人们化妆

[c] 享受动手术 [d] 拒绝动手术

[精解]本题考查句意理解。题干部分出现在第二段倒数第二句中,其字面含义是“殷伯医生对于给18岁以下的人做手术划了一条界限”。该句中however一词表明它与上文存在转折关系。上文中,殷伯医生提出三十岁左右的人要开始“保养”,即,做美容手术。此外,下文引用殷伯医生的话解释了题干所在句子的含义:有些我们认为不够喝酒年龄的人不应该考虑做整形。根据上下文的含义可以推知[d]是正确的含义。[a]和[b]都拘泥于字面含义;[c]含义正相反。

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